ReviewDrug and alcohol dependence2011
The diagnostic dilemma of pathological appearance and performance enhancing drug use.
Review in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and validation of dependence and craving measures specific to athletes who use anabolic-androgenic steroids.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Effects of Appearance- and Performance-Enhancing Drugs on Personality Traits.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Reasons for and Consequences of Low Energy Availability in Female and Male Athletes: Social Environment, Adaptations, and Prevention.Sports medicine - open · 2020Review
- Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia?Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2019Review
- Psychosocial correlates of gap time to anabolic-androgenic steroid use.The International journal of eating disorders · 2018Article
- Defining the Construct of Synthetic Androgen Intoxication: An Application of General Brain Arousal.Frontiers in psychology · 2018Article
- Understanding Appearance-Enhancing Drug Use in Sport Using an Enactive Approach to Body Image.Frontiers in psychology · 2017Article
- Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B and C Over Time Among Men Who Inject Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs in England and Wales: Results From Cross-Sectional Prevalence Surveys, 1992-2013.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Article
- Prolonged hypogonadism in males following withdrawal from anabolic-androgenic steroids: an under-recognized problem.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2015Article
- The influence of age of onset and acute anabolic steroid exposure on cognitive performance, impulsivity, and aggression in men.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2014Article
- Exercise reinforcement, stress, and β-endorphins: an initial examination of exercise in anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2014Article
- Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement.Endocrine reviews · 2014Review
- Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2013Article
- Fitness supplements as a gateway substance for anabolic-androgenic steroid use.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2012Article
- Illicit use of androgens and other hormones: recent advances.Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity · 2012Review
- Development and validation of the appearance and performance enhancing drug use schedule.Addictive behaviors · 2011Article
- The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: current best estimates.The American journal on addictionsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Appearance and performance enhancing drug (APED) use includes the use of a range of pharmacologically distinct substances and concurrent investment in outward appearance or achievement, dietary control, and frequent exercise. A number of existing reviews and conceptual papers have defined pathological forms of APED use within the APED class of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) and using the framework of AAS dependence. We review published data on APED use including human studies of AAS users and identified three defining phenomenological features associated with increased health risk and pathology. These features included (1) polypharmacy or the concurrent use of several pharmacologically distinct substances used to change outward appearance or increase likelihood of personal achievement; (2) significant body image disturbance; (3) rigid practices and preoccupations with diet and exercise. Investigations into the latent structure of APED use suggest these features cluster together in a homogenous group of APED users who have the highest health risk and most psychopathology. These features are discussed in the context of AAS dependence and problems with defining classic tolerance-withdrawal symptoms among APED users. Suggestions for a resolution and outline for future research needed to determine the best system for identifying and diagnosing pathological APED use are discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.