ArticleBMC evolutionary biology2010
Evolution of the Kdo2-lipid A biosynthesis in bacteria.
Article in BMC evolutionary biology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structure and function of Salmonella inner membrane.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- A machine learning framework for interpreting phylogenetic tree patterns in interkingdom horizontal gene transfer.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Results from the IceGut study: tracking the gut microbiome development from mothers and infants up to five years of age.mSphere · 2025Article
- Toad's survivability and soil microbiome alterations impacted via individual abundance.Biologia futura · 2025Article
- The balance between proinflammatory, "bad", and immunomodulatory, "good", lipopolysaccharide for understanding gut-derived systemic inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Study of excess manganese stress response highlights the central role of manganese exporter Mnx for holding manganese homeostasis in the cyanobacteriumMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2024Article
- Genomic representativeness and chimerism in large collections of SAGs and MAGs of marine prokaryoplankton.Microbiome · 2024Article
- Review
- The response of gut and fecal bacterial communities of the European sea bass (Sustainable microbiology · 2024Article
- Novel microbiotaFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Phenotypic and transcriptional characterization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Exploring Longitudinal Gut Microbiome towards Metabolic Functional Changes Associated in Atopic Dermatitis in Early Childhood.Biology · 2023Article
- Altered gut microbiota in temporal lobe epilepsy with anxiety disorders.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Remodeling of Lipid A inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Exome and Tissue-Associated Microbiota as Predictive Markers of Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Article
- Multiple concurrent and convergent stages of genome reduction in bacterial symbionts across a stink bug family.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects elicited by short chain fatty acids produced by Escherichia coli isolated from healthy human gut microbiota.Microbial cell factories · 2021Article
- Article
- Promising discovery of beneficial3 Biotech · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLipid A is the highly immunoreactive endotoxic center of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It anchors the LPS into the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria. Lipid A can be recognized by animal cells, triggers defense-related responses, and causes Gram-negative sepsis. The biosynthesis of Kdo2-lipid A, the LPS substructure, involves with nine enzymatic steps.
resultsIn order to elucidate the evolutionary pathway of Kdo2-lipid A biosynthesis, we examined the distribution of genes encoding the nine enzymes across bacteria. We found that not all Gram-negative bacteria have all nine enzymes. Some Gram-negative bacteria have no genes encoding these enzymes and others have genes only for the first four enzymes (LpxA, LpxC, LpxD, and LpxB). Among the nine enzymes, five appeared to have arisen from three independent gene duplication events. Two of such events happened within the Proteobacteria lineage, followed by functional specialization of the duplicated genes and pathway optimization in these bacteria.
conclusionsThe nine-enzyme pathway, which was established based on the studies mainly in Escherichia coli K12, appears to be the most derived and optimized form. It is found only in E. coli and related Proteobacteria. Simpler and probably less efficient pathways are found in other bacterial groups, with Kdo2-lipid A variants as the likely end products. The Kdo2-lipid A biosynthetic pathway exemplifies extremely plastic evolution of bacterial genomes, especially those of Proteobacteria, and how these mainly pathogenic bacteria have adapted to their environment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.