ReviewNature reviews. Genetics2011
Synonymous but not the same: the causes and consequences of codon bias.
Review in Nature reviews. Genetics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 888 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
888 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- From codon optimization to AI-guided sequence design for engineered biological functions.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Codon-dependent translation of N1-ethylpseudouridine-modified mRNA reduces innate immunity while preserving vaccine immunogenicity.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Replication-origin inversions accompany compositional skew and phylogenetic artifacts in fan worm mitochondrial genomes.iScience · 2026Article
- Genomic Codon Usage is Structurally Consistent with First-Classness Across the Tree of Life.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Article
- The Role of Small Segmental Duplications in Generating Identical Isoforms Through Alternative Splicing Sites.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Long-range mRNA folding shapes expression and sequence of bacterial genes.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- The PAXT connection is a modifier of rare codon-enriched protein expression.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Enhancing protein expression in humans through codon optimization with transformer and contrastive learning.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- System level identification and multidimensional analysis of hub genes reveal complex regulatory networks underlying human iPSC differentiation into motor neurons.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- VeloHARMO: a deep learning framework for mRNA coding sequence generation and design via translation velocity harmonization.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- A novel synonymous TSC2 mutation in a Chinese family leads to tuberous sclerosis type 2 by disrupting Normal pre-mRNA splicing.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- From water to land: evolution of tRNA gene repertoires in photosynthetic organisms.The EMBO journal · 2026Review
- Gradient-based optimization for mRNA sequence design.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Identification of Growth-Related Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I Regulatory Subunit-like Gene of the Oriental River Prawn,International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Synonymous codon-optimized multiplex qPCR for simultaneous detection ofJournal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Multilevel genomic constraints shape nuclear tRNA gene organization in plants.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Horizontal transfer of accessory chromosomes in fungi - a regulated process for exchange of genetic material?Heredity · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis ofEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- Estimating the evolutionary fitness of specific synonymous codon changes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
828 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite their name, synonymous mutations have significant consequences for cellular processes in all taxa. As a result, an understanding of codon bias is central to fields as diverse as molecular evolution and biotechnology. Although recent advances in sequencing and synthetic biology have helped to resolve longstanding questions about codon bias, they have also uncovered striking patterns that suggest new hypotheses about protein synthesis. Ongoing work to quantify the dynamics of initiation and elongation is as important for understanding natural synonymous variation as it is for designing transgenes in applied contexts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.