ArticleThe Journal of school health2010
Physical education resources, class management, and student physical activity levels: a structure-process-outcome approach to evaluating physical education effectiveness.
Article in The Journal of school health, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlates of Physical Activity of Students in Secondary School Physical Education: A Systematic Review of Literature.BioMed research international · 2019Pooled it
- Wearable-Supported Physical Education for Physical Activity and Psychosocial Beliefs in Underserved Adolescents.The Journal of school health · 2026Article
- Examining relationships between U.S. children's physical activity levels during recess, school days, and weekend days.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- The relationship between college students' perceived physical education environment and student engagement: a latent profile and structural equation modeling analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Objectively-measured Environmental Support for Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, and Breastfeeding in the Rural United States: A Scoping Review to Inform Opportunities for Public Health Surveillance.Journal of healthy eating and active living · 2025Article
- Subjectively-measured Environmental Support for Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, and Breastfeeding in the Rural United States: A Scoping Review to Inform Opportunities for Public Health Surveillance.Journal of healthy eating and active living · 2025Article
- Innovating physical education with artificial intelligence: a potential approach.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Multiteaching style and active reflection for swimming.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Refined Feasibility Testing of an 8-Week Sport and Physical Activity Intervention in a Rural Middle School.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Dimensionality of instructional quality in physical education. Obtaining students' perceptions using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling and multilevel confirmatory factor analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- An unsupervised machine learning approach to evaluate sports facilities condition in primary school.PloS one · 2022Article
- Feasibility of incorporating high-intensity interval training into physical education programs to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory capacity of overweight and obese children: A systematic review.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2019Review
- Elementary physical education: A focus on fitness activities and smaller class sizes are associated with higher levels of physical activity.Preventive medicine reports · 2017Article
- Engaging Students in Physical Education: Key Challenges and Opportunities for Physical Educators in Urban Settings.Journal of physical education, recreation & dance · 2017Article
- Influence of the quality implementation of a physical education curriculum on the physical development and physical fitness of children.BMC public health · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study was conducted to empirically evaluate specific human, curricular, and material resources that maximize student opportunities for physical activity during physical education (PE) class time. A structure-process-outcome model was proposed to identify the resources that influence the frequency of PE and intensity of physical activity during PE. The proportion of class time devoted to management was evaluated as a potential mediator of the relations between resource availability and student activity levels.
methodsData for this cross-sectional study were collected from interviews conducted with 46 physical educators and the systematic observation of 184 PE sessions in 34 schools. Regression analyses were conducted to test for the main effects of resource availability and the mediating role of class management.
resultsStudents who attended schools with a low student-to-physical educator ratio had more PE time and engaged in higher levels of physical activity during class time. Access to adequate PE equipment and facilities was positively associated with student activity levels. The availability of a greater number of physical educators per student was found to impact student activity levels by reducing the amount of session time devoted to class management.
conclusionThe identification of structure and process predictors of student activity levels in PE will support the allocation of resources and encourage instructional practices that best support increased student activity levels in the most cost-effective way possible. Implications for PE policies and programs are discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.