ArticlePloS one2010
The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu.
Article in PloS one, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Seasonal dynamics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- An Appraisal of the Clinical Features of Pediatric Enteric Fever: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Age-Stratified Disease Occurrence.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2017Pooled it
- Phase 3 Efficacy Analysis of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Trial in Nepal.The New England journal of medicine · 2019Trial
- Shifting Enteric Fever Epidemiology in Children in Nepal: Is the Burden ofJNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2025Observational
- A retrospective investigation of the population structure and geospatial distribution of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- Article
- Understanding the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenesis ofMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- Changing Paradigms in Antibiotic Resistance inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Article
- Emerging Trends of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR)Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Revisiting PersistentPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ofInfectious disease reports · 2021Article
- Spatial Heterogeneity of Enteric Fever in 2 Diverse Communities in Nepal.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- The Impact of Climate Change on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Insights From Current Research and New Directions.Current environmental health reports · 2020Review
- Burden of Culture Confirmed Enteric Fever Cases in Karachi, Pakistan: Surveillance For Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), 2016-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Could Water and Sanitation Shortfalls Exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risks?The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Bacteremia Among Febrile Patients Attending Selected Healthcare Facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Epidemiology of Typhoid and Paratyphoid: Implications for Vaccine Policy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Enteric fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A (S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A) remains a major public health problem in many settings. The disease is limited to locations with poor sanitation which facilitates the transmission of the infecting organisms. Efficacious and inexpensive vaccines are available for S. Typhi, yet are not commonly deployed to control the disease. Lack of vaccination is due partly to uncertainty of the disease burden arising from a paucity of epidemiological information in key locations. We have collected and analyzed data from 3,898 cases of blood culture-confirmed enteric fever from Patan Hospital in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (LSMC), between June 2005 and May 2009. Demographic data was available for a subset of these patients (n = 527) that were resident in LSMC and who were enrolled in trials. We show a considerable burden of enteric fever caused by S. Typhi (2,672; 68.5%) and S. Paratyphi A (1,226; 31.5%) at this Hospital over a four year period, which correlate with seasonal fluctuations in rainfall. We found that local population density was not related to incidence and we identified a focus of infections in the east of LSMC. With data from patients resident in LSMC we found that the median age of those with S. Typhi (16 years) was significantly less than S. Paratyphi A (20 years) and that males aged 15 to 25 were disproportionately infected. Our findings provide a snapshot into the epidemiological patterns of enteric fever in Kathmandu. The uneven distribution of enteric fever patients within the population suggests local variation in risk factors, such as contaminated drinking water. These findings are important for initiating a vaccination scheme and improvements in sanitation. We suggest any such intervention should be implemented throughout the LSMC area.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.