SynthesisReviews on environmental health
Lead levels in human milk and children's health risk: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Reviews on environmental health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Contamination of breast milk with lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Human Milk as a Biomonitor of Toxic Metal Exposure: Sources, Transfer Mechanisms, and Implications for Infant Health-A Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Individualized support for breastfeeding in a case of elevated blood lead levels: A case report.Toxicology reports · 2024Article
- Lactational Exposure of Human Infants to Metal (loid)s: A Comparison of Industrial and Urban Inhabitants in North of the Persian Gulf.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead-Zinc Mine in Kabwe.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Assessment of Urinary Lead (Pb) and Essential Trace Elements in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Case-Control Study Among Preschool Children in Malaysia.Biological trace element research · 2022Article
- Breast milk to blood lead ratios among women from the West Bank of Palestine: a cross-sectional study of associated factors.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
- Antioxidative Molecules in Human Milk and Environmental Contaminants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Lead Toxicity: an Australian Perspective.The Clinical biochemist. Reviews · 2018Review
- A randomized controlled trial on the effects of jujube fruit on the concentrations of some toxic trace elements in human milk.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2016Article
- Improving Concordance in Environmental Epidemiology: A Three-Part Proposal.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2015Article
- Maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk lead: lactational transfer and contribution to infant exposure.Environmental health perspectives · 2014Article
- Lead levels in the breast milk of nursing andean mothers living in a lead-contaminated environment.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2014Article
- Causal inference considerations for endocrine disruptor research in children's health.Annual review of public health · 2013Review
- Lead dietary exposure in the European population.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2012Article
- Genome-Wide Analyses of Metal Responsive Genes in Caenorhabditis elegans.Frontiers in genetics · 2012Article
- Human biological monitoring of suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds.Asian journal of andrologyReview
- Prenatal chemical exposures and child language development.Journal of communication disordersReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Lead (Pb), a naturally-occurring element and industrially-produced metal, is highly toxic to children, causing intellectual and behavioral deficits, hyperactivity, fine motor function deficits, decreased intelligence quotient, alteration of hand-eye coordination, and problems in reaction time. Children's exposure to Pb occurs mainly through ingestion of contaminated food, water and soil. Few discussions have been held on the magnitude and potential risk associated with exposure from the consumption of breast milk. Hence, this research was designed to systematically review the scientific literature on published epidemiologic studies, with an emphasis on the study designs and analytical procedures used for Pb assessment in breast milk. From a total of 112 selected articles published since the 1980s, 11 met the inclusion criteria. A review of the data indicated that Pb levels varied from 0.15 to 6.1 microg L(-1) in mature milk samples, from 0.48 to 14.6 microg L(-1) in colostrum samples, and were non-detectable in some samples. The milk/blood ratio, which estimates the mean efficiency transfer of lead from blood to milk, varied between 0.01 and 0.48. The heterogeneity of methods revealed by our assessment of published studies underscores the need for harmonization of study designs and sample collection and analysis protocols to reflect specific exposure scenarios. Human milk seems to be one of the relevant biological matrices for use as a biomarker for assessing children's health risk to Pb poisoning.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.