Trial reportEnvironmental health perspectives2011
Ambient particulate matter air pollution and venous thromboembolism in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy trials.
Trial report in Environmental health perspectives, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Air pollution and venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2016Pooled it
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risks of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026Article
- Contributions of the Women's Health Initiative to Cardiovascular Research: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2022Review
- Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of venous thromboembolism in a large administrative cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Influence of weather and air pollution on the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary embolism in the region of Sousse (Tunisia).Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Short-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of stroke in the Women's Health Initiative.Environment international · 2019Article
- Case-crossover analysis of short-term particulate matter exposures and stroke in the health professionals follow-up study.Environment international · 2019Article
- Article
- Genome-wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Particulate Matter-Associated QT Prolongation.Environmental health perspectives · 2017Article
- Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Venous Thromboembolism.Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis · 2016Review
- Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution (nickel) and the risk of acute unprovoked proximal deep vein thrombosis in the legs.Internal and emergency medicine · 2016Article
- Prospective Study of Ambient Particulate Matter Exposure and Risk of Pulmonary Embolism in the Nurses' Health Study Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2015Article
- Effects on health of air pollution: a narrative review.Internal and emergency medicine · 2015Review
- Effects of airborne fine particles (PM2.5 ) on deep vein thrombosis admissions in the northeastern United States.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2015Article
- Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease.European heart journal · 2015Article
- The cardiopulmonary effects of ambient air pollution and mechanistic pathways: a comparative hierarchical pathway analysis.PloS one · 2014Article
- All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in postmenopausal white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women with and without diabetes in the United States: the Women's Health Initiative, 1993-2009.American journal of epidemiology · 2013Article
- Article
- Use of alternative time scales in Cox proportional hazard models: implications for time-varying environmental exposures.Statistics in medicine · 2012Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe putative effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on the association between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and venous thromboembolism (VTE) have not been assessed in a randomized trial of hormone therapy, despite its widespread use among postmenopausal women.
objectiveIn this study, we examined whether hormone therapy modifies the association of PM with VTE risk.
methodsPostmenopausal women 50-79 years of age (n = 26,450) who did not have a history of VTE and who were not taking anticoagulants were enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy trials at 40 geographically diverse U.S. clinical centers. The women were randomized to treatment with estrogen versus placebo (E trial) or to estrogen plus progestin versus placebo (E + P trial). We used age-stratified Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between time to incident, centrally adjudicated VTE, and daily mean PM concentrations spatially interpolated at geocoded addresses of the participants and averaged over 1, 7, 30, and 365 days.
resultsDuring the follow-up period (mean, 7.7 years), 508 participants (2.0%) had VTEs at a rate of 2.6 events per 1,000 person-years. Unadjusted and covariate-adjusted VTE risk was not associated with concentrations of PM < 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) or < 10 µm (PM(10))] in aerodynamic diameter and PM × active treatment interactions were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) regardless of PM averaging period, either before or after combining data from both trials [e.g., combined trial-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) per 10 µg/m(3) increase in annual mean PM(2.5) and PM(10), were 0.93 (0.54-1.60) and 1.05 (0.72-1.53), respectively]. Findings were insensitive to alternative exposure metrics, outcome definitions, time scales, analytic methods, and censoring dates.
conclusionsIn contrast to prior research, our findings provide little evidence of an association between short-term or long-term PM exposure and VTE, or clinically important modification by randomized exposure to exogenous estrogens among postmenopausal women.
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