SynthesisThe Journal of infectious diseases2010
Efficacy of whole-cell killed bacterial vaccines in preventing pneumonia and death during the 1918 influenza pandemic.
Synthesis in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Can procalcitonin tests aid in identifying bacterial infections associated with influenza pneumonia? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2013Pooled it
- The 'Spanish' influenza pandemic: new evidence for influenza outbreaks in England and France prior to 1918.Medical history · 2026Article
- Article
- Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with "Spanish Flu"?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A Centenary Tale of Two Pandemics: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and COVID-19, Part II.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: Trying to untangle facts from fictions.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2020Review
- Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Pneumococcal Vaccines.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
- TIV Vaccination Modulates Host Responses to Influenza Virus Infection that Correlate with Protection against Bacterial Superinfection.Vaccines · 2019Article
- Making Universal Influenza Vaccines: Lessons From the 1918 Pandemic.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Serotype-Independent Protection Against Invasive Pneumococcal Infections Conferred by Live Vaccine WithFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Gamma-irradiation of Streptococcus pneumoniae for the use as an immunogenic whole cell vaccine.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2018Article
- The Unexpected Impact of Vaccines on Secondary Bacterial Infections Following Influenza.Viral immunology · 2018Review
- The 'Influenza' Vaccine Used during the Samoan Pandemic of 1918.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2018Article
- Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Paradigm for the Development of Broad-Spectrum Anti-infectious Formulations.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- A forgotten epidemic that changed medicine: measles in the US Army, 1917-18.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2015Review
- 'Poisonous, filthy, loathsome, damnable stuff': the rhetorical ecology of vaccination concern.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2014Article
- Vaccination against the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes prevents death after influenza virus: S. pyogenes super-infection.Vaccine · 2014Article
- Serotype-independent pneumococcal experimental vaccines that induce cellular as well as humoral immunity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMost deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic were caused by secondary bacterial pneumonia.
methodsWe performed a systematic review and reanalysis of studies of bacterial vaccine efficacy (VE) in preventing pneumonia and mortality among patients with influenza during the 1918 pandemic.
resultsA meta-analysis of 6 civilian studies of mixed killed bacterial vaccines containing pneumococci identified significant heterogeneity among studies and estimated VE at 34% (95% confidence interval [CI], 19%-47%) in preventing pneumonia and 42% (95% CI, 18%-59%) in reducing case fatality rates among patients with influenza, using random-effects models. Using fixed-effect models, the pooled VE from 3 military studies was 59% (95% CI, 43%-70%) for pneumonia and 70% (95% CI, 50%-82%) for case fatality. Military studies showed less heterogeneity and may provide more accurate results than civilian studies, given the potential biases in the included studies. Findings of 1 military study using hemolytic streptococci also suggested that there was significant protection.
conclusionsDespite significant methodological problems, the systematic biases in these studies do not exclude the possibilities that whole-cell inactivated pneumococcal vaccines may confer cross-protection to multiple pneumococcal serotypes and that bacterial vaccines may play a role in preventing influenza-associated pneumonia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.