ArticleJournal of virology2011
Norovirus GII.4 strain antigenic variation.
Article in Journal of virology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- The epidemiology of published norovirus outbreaks: a review of risk factors associated with attack rate and genogroup.Epidemiology and infection · 2012Pooled it
- Impact of Pre-exposure History and Host Genetics on Antibody Avidity Following Norovirus Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Trial
- Broad blockade antibody responses in human volunteers after immunization with a multivalent norovirus VLP candidate vaccine: immunological analyses from a phase I clinical trial.PLoS medicine · 2015Trial
- A Wastewater-based Modeling Framework for Inferring Norovirus Transmission Dynamics.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Molecular characterization of a rare norovirus GII.8[P8] strain detected during pediatric acute gastroenteritis surveillance in Harbin, China.Virus genes · 2026Article
- Variable and conserved B cell epitopes of GII.4 human noroviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Human norovirus disturbs intestinal motility and transit time through its capsid proteins.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Patterns of the within-host evolution of human norovirus in immunocompromised individuals and implications for treatment.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Biological Specimen Banking as a Time Capsule to Explore the Temporal Dynamics of Norovirus Epidemiology.Viruses · 2023Article
- Predicting Dominant Genotypes in Norovirus Seasons in Japan.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Mapping human norovirus antigens during infection reveals the breadth of the humoral immune response.NPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Emergent variant modeling of the serological repertoire to norovirus in young children.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Rapid screening for antigenic characterization of GII.17 norovirus strains with variations in capsid gene.Gut pathogens · 2022Article
- Article
- A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Norovirus Disease from 1991-2021.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Cross-reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies mapping to variable antigenic sites on the norovirus major capsid protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Caused by Norovirus GII.4 Sydney [P31] Strains - China, October 2016-December 2020.China CDC weekly · 2021Article
- Epidemiology and evolution of Norovirus in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Review
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Noroviruses are the principal cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Multiple reports have concluded that the major capsid proteins of GII.4 strains, which cause 80% of norovirus infections worldwide, are evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic strains. Surrogate neutralization assays using sera from outbreaks and from immunized mice suggest that, as with influenza virus, antigenic variation maintains GII.4 persistence in the face of human population herd immunity. To test this hypothesis, mice were hyperimmunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) representing an early (GII.4-1987) and a contemporary (GII.4-2006) GII.4 strain. Anti-GII.4-1987 IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) strongly reacted with GII.4 VLPs derived between only 1987 and 2002. Ligand binding blockade was more efficient with GII.4-1987 and GII.4-1997 VLPs than with GII.4-2002. Anti-GII.4-2006 IgG MAbs recognized either a broad panel of GII.4 VLPs (1987 to 2006) or a subset of contemporary (2004 to 2006) VLPs. Most 2006 antibodies did not recognize or only poorly recognized GII.4 VLPs of 2007 or 2008, documenting rapid antigenic evolution of GII.4 capsids. Generally, 2006 MAbs blocked homotypic VLP-ligand binding but were unable to block VLPs representing strains primarily circulating during or earlier than 2002. These analyses demonstrate that both subtle and significant evolutionary change has occurred within antibody epitopes between epidemic strains, providing direct evidence that the GII.4 noroviruses are undergoing antigenic variation, likely in response to herd immunity. As with influenza virus, HIV, and hepatitis C virus, norovirus antigenic variation will significantly influence the design of efficacious vaccines and immunotherapeutics against these important human pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.