ArticleAIDS research and human retroviruses2011
HIV Type 1 Nef is released from infected cells in CD45(+) microvesicles and is present in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals.
Article in AIDS research and human retroviruses, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers.
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Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV-1 Nef generates lasting innate immune memory in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vivo.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Smoldering in the sanctuary: HIV-associated brain injury in the ART era.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Structural and functional modifications of neuronal lipid rafts: implications for HIV-associated neurological disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- HIV-associated immune remodeling in cervical cancer: implications for immunotherapy, biomarkers, and trial design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- HIV-1 Nef inhibits the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by inducing proteasomal degradation of STAT1.PloS one · 2026Article
- Nef as a driver of immunodeficiency and HIV-associated diseases: insights from mouse models.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV.Extracellular vesicle · 2025Article
- Article
- Genotoxic consequences of viral infections.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- HIV-1 Nef is carried on the surface of extracellular vesicles.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Something to talk about; crosstalk disruption at the neurovascular unit during HIV infection of the CNS.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Extracellular vesicles produced by HIV-1 Nef-expressing cells induce myelin impairment and oligodendrocyte damage in the mouse central nervous system.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Emergence of Extracellular Vesicles as "Liquid Biopsy" for Neurological Disorders: Boom or Bust.Pharmacological reviews · 2024Review
- Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Neuro-HIV-New insights into pathogenesis and emerging therapeutic targets.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2023Article
- HIV-1 Nef Changes the Proteome of T Cells Extracellular Vesicles Depleting IFITMs and Other Antiviral Factors.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2023Article
- Review
- Extracellular vesicles as personalized medicine.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2023Review
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef has been demonstrated to be integral for viral persistence, infectivity, and the acceleration of disease pathogenesis (AIDS) in humans. Nef has also been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals and is released from infected cells. The form in which Nef is released from infected cells is unknown. However, Nef is a myristoylated protein and has been shown to interact with the intracellular vesicular trafficking network. Here we show that Nef is released in CD45-containing microvesicles. This microvesicular Nef (mvNef) is detected in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals at relatively high concentrations (10 ng/ml). It is also present in tissue culture supernatants of Jurkat cells infected with HIV(MN). Interestingly, plasma mvNef levels in HIV(+) patients did not significantly correlate with viral load or CD4 count. Microvesicular Nef levels persisted in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals despite the use of antiretroviral therapy, even in individuals with undetectable viral loads. Using cell lines, we found Nef microvesicles induce apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocytes but had no observed effect on the U937 monocytic cell line. Given the large amount of mvNef present in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals, the apoptotic effect of mvNef on T cells, and the observed functions of extracellular soluble Nef in vitro, it seems likely that in vivo mvNef may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.