ArticleBMC medicine2010
Normalisation process theory: a framework for developing, evaluating and implementing complex interventions.
Article in BMC medicine, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 804 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Studying the Impact and Performance of Institutionalizing Immediate Post-partum IUD Services as a Routine Part of Antenatal Counseling and Delivery Room Services in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Study Protocol: Development and Assessment of an Active Strategy for the Implementation of a Collaborative Care Approach for Depression in Primary Care. The INDI·i Project
A Pilot Trial of the Mini-AFTERc Intervention to Manage Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Breast Cancer Patients
Sensing Physical Activity to Evaluate and Monitor a Routine Aftercare Program (SensE-M) - an Observational Study
Redesigning Pre-surgery Patient Journeys With Telehealth
StratCare Trial 2: Evaluating the Clinical and Cost-effectiveness of AI-driven Stratified Care for Depression
EN-CAMHS 2: Enhancing CAMHS Referrals
Who cites it
804 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Implementation determinants of rapid diagnostic tests for fever management in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed-studies systematic review.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Nurse-led tele-palliative care for symptom management and family support: A hybrid umbrella review of reviews and primary studies.Palliative & supportive care · 2026Pooled it
- How do domain diversity and healthcare system assumptions shape implementation research? A systematic review of theories, models, and frameworks for health digitalization.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Pooled it
- From theory to practice: using the Normalization Process Theory and Theoretical Domains Framework to understand implementation of decarbonization in general practice.Family practice · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Experience of Implementing Digital Interventions to Promote Smoking Cessation Among Adults With Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Pooled it
- Implementation of decarbonisation actions in general practice: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Acceptability and Implementation of a Primary Care Health Check for Autistic People: Findings From Evaluation Questionnaires and Interviews.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026Trial
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- Self-management of vaginal pessaries for pelvic organ prolapse: multi-method process evaluation, linked to the TOPSY randomised controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2025Trial
- Tele-ophthalmology-enabled and artificial intelligence-ready referral pathway for community optometry referrals of retinal disease: HERMES cluster randomised trial with a diagnostic accuracy study.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Trial
- Trial
- A Mixed-Methods Cluster Randomised Waitlist-Controlled Trial of a Goal-Based Behaviour Change Intervention Implemented in Workplaces.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of a complex intervention: the Latch On randomized controlled trial of multicomponent breastfeeding support for women with a raised body mass index.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Using the Normalization Process Theory to study facilitators and barriers to sustainable implementation of artificial intelligence-based diabetic retinopathy screening in Rwanda.Dialogues in health · 2026Article
- Implementing a smoking cessation service in routine and manual workplaces: A qualitative service evaluation.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Feasibility and acceptability of the Health Assessment Tool (HAT) in Swedish primary care: insights into older patients' needs and professional perspectives.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
744 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe past decade has seen considerable interest in the development and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. Such interventions can only have a significant impact on health and health care if they are shown to be effective when tested, are capable of being widely implemented and can be normalised into routine practice. To date, there is still a problematic gap between research and implementation. The Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) addresses the factors needed for successful implementation and integration of interventions into routine work (normalisation). DISCUSSION: In this paper, we suggest that the NPT can act as a sensitising tool, enabling researchers to think through issues of implementation while designing a complex intervention and its evaluation. The need to ensure trial procedures that are feasible and compatible with clinical practice is not limited to trials of complex interventions, and NPT may improve trial design by highlighting potential problems with recruitment or data collection, as well as ensuring the intervention has good implementation potential. SUMMARY: The NPT is a new theory which offers trialists a consistent framework that can be used to describe, assess and enhance implementation potential. We encourage trialists to consider using it in their next trial.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.