Trial reportJAMA2010
Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women.
Trial report in JAMA, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00000611 (Women's Health Initiative), which is not on this map. Cited by 214 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Who cites it
214 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 564 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationship between menopausal hormone therapy and incidence risk of breast cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Consumption of fast foods and ultra-processed foods and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Global health research and policy · 2025Pooled it
- Survivorship, Version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN · 2017Guideline
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Breast Cancer and Menopausal Hormone Therapy by Race/Ethnicity and Body Mass Index.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2016Pooled it
- Body mass index and breast cancer risk according to postmenopausal estrogen-progestin use and hormone receptor status.Epidemiologic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Tumor-associated neutrophils as a new prognostic factor in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- A genome-wide association study to identify genetic susceptibility loci that modify ductal and lobular postmenopausal breast cancer risk associated with menopausal hormone therapy use: a two-stage design with replication.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2013Pooled it
- The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2012Guideline
- Trial
- Retrospective analysis of phytoSERM for management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms and cognitive decline: a pilot study on pharmacogenomic effects of mitochondrial haplogroup and APOE genotype on therapeutic efficacy.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Trial
- Specificity proteins 1 and 4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a 24-week double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2019Trial
- Mammographic Density Change With Estrogen and Progestin Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2017Trial
- Estrogen alone and health outcomes in black women by African ancestry: a secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2017Trial
- Continuous Combined Estrogen Plus Progestin and Endometrial Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2016Trial
- Overweight, Obesity, and Postmenopausal Invasive Breast Cancer Risk: A Secondary Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials.JAMA oncology · 2015Trial
- Breast Cancer After Use of Estrogen Plus Progestin and Estrogen Alone: Analyses of Data From 2 Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials.JAMA oncology · 2015Trial
- Effect of bisphosphonate use on risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results from the randomized clinical trials of alendronate and zoledronic acid.JAMA internal medicine · 2014Trial
- Sex hormone associations with breast cancer risk and the mediation of randomized trial postmenopausal hormone therapy effects.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2014Trial
- Sex hormone levels and risk of breast cancer with estrogen plus progestin.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2013Trial
154 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 16 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextIn the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trial of estrogen plus progestin, after a mean intervention time of 5.6 (SD, 1.3) years (range, 3.7-8.6 years) and a mean follow-up of 7.9 (SD, 1.4) years, breast cancer incidence was increased among women who received combined hormone therapy. Breast cancer mortality among participants in the trial has not been previously reported.
objectiveTo determine the effects of therapy with estrogen plus progestin on cumulative breast cancer incidence and mortality after a total mean follow-up of 11.0 (SD, 2.7) years, through August 14, 2009. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsA total of 16,608 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years with no prior hysterectomy from 40 US clinical centers were randomly assigned to receive combined conjugated equine estrogens, 0.625 mg/d, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg/d, or placebo pill. After the original trial completion date (March 31, 2005), reconsent was required for continued follow-up for breast cancer incidence and was obtained from 12,788 (83%) of the surviving participants.
main outcome measuresInvasive breast cancer incidence and breast cancer mortality.
resultsIn intention-to-treat analyses including all randomized participants and censoring those not consenting to additional follow-up on March 31, 2005, estrogen plus progestin was associated with more invasive breast cancers compared with placebo (385 cases [0.42% per year] vs 293 cases [0.34% per year]; hazard ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.46; P = .004). Breast cancers in the estrogen-plus-progestin group were similar in histology and grade to breast cancers in the placebo group but were more likely to be node-positive (81 [23.7%] vs 43 [16.2%], respectively; HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.23-2.58; P = .03). There were more deaths directly attributed to breast cancer (25 deaths [0.03% per year] vs 12 deaths [0.01% per year]; HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.00-4.04; P = .049) as well as more deaths from all causes occurring after a breast cancer diagnosis (51 deaths [0.05% per year] vs 31 deaths [0.03% per year]; HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.01-2.48; P = .045) among women who received estrogen plus progestin compared with women in the placebo group.
conclusionsEstrogen plus progestin was associated with greater breast cancer incidence, and the cancers are more commonly node-positive. Breast cancer mortality also appears to be increased with combined use of estrogen plus progestin.
trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000611.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.