ArticleBMC genomics2010
An Sp185/333 gene cluster from the purple sea urchin and putative microsatellite-mediated gene diversification.
Article in BMC genomics, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Local Genomic Instability of theGenes · 2024Article
- The complex set of internal repeats in SpTransformer protein sequences result in multiple but limited alternative alignments.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Article
- The Diverse Transformer (Trf) Protein Family in the Sea UrchinInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Sequence Diversity, Locus Structure, and Evolutionary History of theFrontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Guardian of the Genome: An Alternative RAG/Transib Co-Evolution Hypothesis for the Origin of V(D)J Recombination.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Individual Sea Urchin Coelomocytes Undergo Somatic Immune Gene Diversification.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Bacterial artificial chromosomes as recombinant reporter constructs to investigate gene expression and regulation in echinoderms.Briefings in functional genomics · 2018Review
- SpTransformer proteins from the purple sea urchin opsonize bacteria, augment phagocytosis, and retard bacterial growth.PloS one · 2018Article
- TheFrontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The Recombinant Sea Urchin Immune Effector Protein, rSpTransformer-E1, Binds to Phosphatidic Acid and Deforms Membranes.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Short tandem repeats, segmental duplications, gene deletion, and genomic instability in a rapidly diversified immune gene family.BMC genomics · 2016Article
- Characterization of the highly variable immune response gene family, He185/333, in the sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma.PloS one · 2014Article
- Innate immune complexity in the purple sea urchin: diversity of the sp185/333 system.Frontiers in immunology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe immune system of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is complex and sophisticated. An important component of sea urchin immunity is the Sp185/333 gene family, which is significantly upregulated in immunologically challenged animals. The Sp185/333 genes are less than 2 kb with two exons and are members of a large diverse family composed of greater than 40 genes. The S. purpuratus genome assembly, however, contains only six Sp185/333 genes. This underrepresentation could be due to the difficulties that large gene families present in shotgun assembly, where multiple similar genes can be collapsed into a single consensus gene.
resultsTo understand the genomic organization of the Sp185/333 gene family, a BAC insert containing Sp185/333 genes was assembled, with careful attention to avoiding artifacts resulting from collapse or artificial duplication/expansion of very similar genes. Twelve candidate BAC assemblies were generated with varying parameters and the optimal assembly was identified by PCR, restriction digests, and subclone sequencing. The validated assembly contained six Sp185/333 genes that were clustered in a 34 kb region at one end of the BAC with five of the six genes tightly clustered within 20 kb. The Sp185/333 genes in this cluster were no more similar to each other than to previously sequenced Sp185/333 genes isolated from three different animals. This was unexpected given their proximity and putative effects of gene homogenization in closely linked, similar genes. All six genes displayed significant similarity including both 5' and 3' flanking regions, which were bounded by microsatellites. Three of the Sp185/333 genes and their flanking regions were tandemly duplicated such that each repeated segment consisted of a gene plus 0.7 kb 5' and 2.4 kb 3' of the gene (4.5 kb total). Both edges of the segmental duplications were bounded by different microsatellites.
conclusionsThe high sequence similarity of the Sp185/333 genes and flanking regions, suggests that the microsatellites may promote genomic instability and are involved with gene duplication and/or gene conversion and the extraordinary sequence diversity of this family.
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