ReviewFrontiers in neuroendocrinology2011
The genetics of sex differences in brain and behavior.
Review in Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Biomarkers of environmental manganese exposure and associations with childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2020Pooled it
- Sex differences in depressive symptoms and tolerability after treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants: Secondary analyses of the GENPOD trial.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2021Trial
- High-fat diet exposure, internal state, and reward value influence decision making during motivational conflict.Neurobiology of stress · 2026Article
- Psychiatric Comorbidities in Substance Use Disorders: Sex-Based Differences in a National Real-World Clinical Sample.The American journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Diversity-in-a-dish: A practical framework for hiPSC model development.Stem cell reports · 2026Review
- Gender and task type effects on the neural network of emotional prosody processing.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in global metrics of brain size across the lifespan.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- CSF estrogens' relationships to neuroinflammatory markers and brain networks in middle-aged and older black and white women.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Erythrocyte-microglia crosstalk contributing to sex differences in pediatric brain tumorigenesis.Research square · 2025Article
- Contributions of testosterone to excessive alcohol drinking in males: Potential role for interactions with the HPA axis.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- The Scientific and Sociopolitical Harms of Conceptual Imprecision About Sex and Gender.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- A Case Report of Tissue Mosaicism in 45,X0/46,XY: Diagnostic Complexity in a Newborn with Ambiguous Genitalia.Reports (MDPI) · 2025Article
- Male Sex, Masculinization, Sexual Orientation, and Gynephilia Synergistically Predict Increased Sexual Jealousy.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Neglect and Neurodevelopment: A Narrative Review Understanding the Link Between Child Neglect and Executive Function Deficits.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Gender- and Sex-equitable Submission Guidelines in Emergency Medicine Journals Are Associated with Enhanced Publication Metrics.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Biological sex influences severity and outcomes inMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Modeling the developing nervous system: a neuroscience perspective on the use of new approach methodologies in developmental neurotoxicity testing.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Are Children's Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviours at 5 Years Predicted by Maternal Perinatal Depression Trajectory Profiles?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Brain handedness associations depend on how and when handedness is measured.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex and gender differences during the lung lifespan: unveiling a pivotal impact.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Biological differences between men and women contribute to many sex-specific illnesses and disorders. Historically, it was argued that such differences were largely, if not exclusively, due to gonadal hormone secretions. However, emerging research has shown that some differences are mediated by mechanisms other than the action of these hormone secretions and in particular by products of genes located on the X and Y chromosomes, which we refer to as direct genetic effects. This paper reviews the evidence for direct genetic effects in behavioral and brain sex differences. We highlight the 'four core genotypes' model and sex differences in the midbrain dopaminergic system, specifically focusing on the role of Sry. We also discuss novel research being done on unique populations including people attracted to the same sex and people with a cross-gender identity. As science continues to advance our understanding of biological sex differences, a new field is emerging that is aimed at better addressing the needs of both sexes: gender-based biology and medicine. Ultimately, the study of the biological basis for sex differences will improve healthcare for both men and women.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.