ArticleJournal of the American College of Cardiology2010
Optical mapping of the isolated coronary-perfused human sinus node.
Article in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Beginner's Guide to Cardiac Optical Mapping.Cardiovascular engineering and technology · 2026Review
- An efficient end-to-end computational framework for the generation of ECG calibrated volumetric models of human atrial electrophysiology.Medical image analysis · 2026Article
- Sinoatrial Node Dynamics: Clinical Relevance and microRNA-Based Modulation of Pacemaker Activity.Cureus · 2025Review
- Stem cell-derived heterocellular atrial engineered cardiac tissue with comparisons to native human atrial myocardium.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Article
- Rotating Frame Relaxation Time Mapping for the Visualization of the Sinoatrial Node Without Contrast Agent.NMR in biomedicine · 2025Article
- Aging and sinus node dysfunction: mechanisms and future directions.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Review
- Pacemaker Channels and the Chronotropic Response in Health and Disease.Circulation research · 2024Review
- Light can restore a heart's rhythm.Nature · 2024Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key link involved in the pathogenesis of sick sinus syndrome: a review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Review
- Sinoatrial node heterogeneity and fibroblasts increase atrial driving capability in a two-dimensional human computational model.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Near-infrared voltage-sensitive dyes based on chromene donor.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Human atrial fibrillation and genetic defects in transient outward currents: mechanistic insights from multi-scale computational models.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- What makes the sinoatrial node tick? A question not for the faint of heart.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- A comprehensive framework for evaluation of high pacing frequency and arrhythmic optical mapping signals.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Three-dimensional functional anatomy of the human sinoatrial node for epicardial and endocardial mapping and ablation.Heart rhythm · 2023Review
- Guidelines for assessment of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias in small animals.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2022Review
- Characterization of the pace-and-drive capacity of the human sinoatrial node: A 3D in silico study.Biophysical journal · 2022Article
- The effective use of blebbistatin to study the action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells of zebrafish (Current research in physiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Making Heads or Tails of the Large Mammalian Sinoatrial Node Micro-Organization.Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology · 2021Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe sought to confirm our hypothesis that the human sinoatrial node (SAN) is functionally insulated from the surrounding atrial myocardium except for several exit pathways that electrically bridge the nodal tissue and atrial myocardium.
backgroundThe site of origin and pattern of excitation within the human SAN has not been directly mapped.
methodsThe SAN was optically mapped in coronary-perfused preparations from nonfailing human hearts (n = 4, age 54 ± 15 years) using the dye Di-4-ANBDQBS and blebbistatin. The SAN 3-dimensional structure was reconstructed using histology.
resultsOptical recordings from the SAN had diastolic depolarization and multiple upstroke components, which corresponded to the separate excitations of the SAN and atrial layers. Excitation originated in the middle of the SAN (66 ± 17 beats/min), and then spread slowly (1 to 18 cm/s) and anisotropically. After a 82 ± 17 ms conduction delay within the SAN, the atrial myocardium was excited via superior, middle, and/or inferior sinoatrial conduction pathways. Atrial excitation was initiated 9.4 ± 4.2 mm from the leading pacemaker site. The oval 14.3 ± 1.5 mm × 6.7 ± 1.6 mm × 1.0 ± 0.2 mm SAN structure was functionally insulated from the atrium by connective tissue, fat, and coronary arteries, except for these pathways.
conclusionsThese data demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, the location of the leading SAN pacemaker site, the pattern of excitation within the human SAN, and the conduction pathways into the right atrium. The existence of these pathways explains why, even during normal sinus rhythm, atrial breakthroughs could arise from a region parallel to the crista terminalis that is significantly larger (26.1 ± 7.9 mm) than the area of the anatomically defined SAN.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.