ArticleJournal of human hypertension2011
The relationship between inflammation, obesity and risk for hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
Article in Journal of human hypertension, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic Syndrome in an Aging Society - Role of Oxidant-Antioxidant Imbalance and Inflammation Markers in Disentangling Atherosclerosis.Clinical interventions in aging · 2021Pooled it
- Inflammation markers and risk of developing hypertension: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2019Pooled it
- Role of metformin in overweight and obese people without diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2019Pooled it
- Plasma Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Developing Hypertension in Men.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2015Trial
- Obesity and the response to intensified diuretic treatment in decompensated heart failure: a DOSE trial substudy.Journal of cardiac failure · 2012Trial
- Phosphate homeostasis and apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, conformation-dependent biology, and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Metabolic Inflammation as a Common Thread in Cardio-Endocrine Diseases: Toward a Unified Therapeutic Framework.Cureus · 2026Review
- Factor IX and incident hypertension in Black and White adults: the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort.Journal of hypertension · 2025Article
- Hypomagnesemia: exploring its multifaceted health impacts and associations with blood pressure regulation and metabolic syndrome.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Review
- Inflammation: a key mechanism connecting metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease and systemic arterial hypertension.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- High Blood Pressure and Impaired Brain Health: Investigating the Neuroprotective Potential of Magnesium.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Impact of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein on metabolic syndrome in an elderly population: Findings from a hospital-based cross-sectional study in J&K, India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Cytokines, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Incident Hypertension in the REGARDS Study.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2024Article
- Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD): an antihypertensive nutritional approach.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Blood Count-Derived Inflammatory Markers and Acute Complications of Ischemic Heart Disease in Elderly Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- D-dimer and the risk of hypertension: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Cohort Study.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2023Article
- Sympathoinhibitory electroacupuncture (EA) interacts positively with anti-inflammatory EA alleviating blood pressure in hypertensive rats.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- The relationship between serum C-reactive protein and senile hypertension.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2022Article
- The Association between High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome in an Elderly Population Aged 50 and Older in a Community Receiving Primary Health Care in Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
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7 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
It has been suggested that inflammation is important in the aetiology of hypertension and that this may be most relevant among obese persons. To study this, we examined the independent relationships between obesity, inflammation-related proteins (interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen) and risk for hypertension in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Hypertension status, defined as a blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or a history of hypertension and use of blood pressure medications, was determined at baseline and two subsequent exams over 5 years. Among 3543 non-hypertensives at baseline, 714 individuals developed incident hypertension by Exam 3. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the relationship between baseline levels of IL-6, CRP and fibrinogen and future risk of hypertension. One s.d. difference in baseline concentration of IL-6, CRP or fibrinogen was associated with 20-40% greater risk of incident hypertension. This risk was attenuated after accounting for other hypertension risk factors (hazard ratio (HR) IL-6: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04-1.23); CRP: 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02-1.21); fibrinogen 1.0 (95% CI: 0.92-1.08)). Conversely, obesity was an independent risk factor for hypertension risk, minimally impacted by other covariates, including IL-6 and CRP (HR 1.72 (95% CI: 1.36-2.16)). IL-6 and CRP did not modify the relationship between obesity and hypertension, though an adjusted twofold greater risk was observed for obese individuals with a CRP >3 mg l⁻¹ compared with CRP <1 mg l⁻¹. The relationship between inflammation-related proteins and hypertension risk was predominantly explained by other hypertension risk factors. Obesity, independent of inflammation, remained a potent risk factor for future hypertension.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.