GuidelineEuropean journal of neurology2011
Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: report of an EFNS task force.
Guideline in European journal of neurology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 186 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
186 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 510 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autoimmune encephalitis with Anti-mGluR1 antibodies: a comprehensive review.Journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Autoimmune encephalitis during pregnancy: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge-A systematic review with individual patients' analysis and clinical recommendations.Epilepsia open · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical Features and Therapeutic Effects of Anti-leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Anti-LGI1, anti-GABABR, and Anti-CASPR2 encephalitides in Asia: A systematic review.Brain and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Serum Tumor Markers in Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes: A Systematic Review of Guidelines.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Ovarian teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a systematic review of reported cases.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2014Pooled it
- Non-paraneoplastic Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia with Sensory Ataxia Associated with the Anti-Ca/ARHGAP26 Antibody: A Case Report.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations, Tumor Associations, and Long-Term Outcomes of Anti-KLHL11 Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes in Ovarian Cancer: Case Report and Narrative Review for Diagnostic and Clinical Implications.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Long-Term Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy-A 10-Year Follow Up Study.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Motor neuron disease can present as a paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome with various phenotypes.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Case Report: Anti-GABA-B receptor encephalitis with refractory status epilepticus and favorable short-term recovery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Anti-amphiphysin antibody positive autoimmune syndrome: case series and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Case Report: A case of paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis with concurrent anti-GABABR and anti-SOX1 antibody positivity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with non-small cell lung cancer: data from the European LEMS registry and systematic review.Neurological research and practice · 2025Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis in Pregnancy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
126 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 10 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundparaneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) almost invariably predate detection of the malignancy. Screening for tumours is important in PNS as the tumour directly affects prognosis and treatment and should be performed as soon as possible.
objectivesan overview of the screening of tumours related to classical PNS is given. Small cell lung cancer, thymoma, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma and teratoma and testicular tumours are described in relation to paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, subacute sensory neuronopathy, subacute autonomic neuropathy, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), myasthenia gravis and paraneoplastic peripheral nerve hyperexcitability.
methodsmany studies with class IV evidence were available; one study reached level III evidence. No evidence-based recommendations grade A-C were possible, but good practice points were agreed by consensus. RECOMMENDATIONS: the nature of antibody, and to a lesser extent the clinical syndrome, determines the risk and type of an underlying malignancy. For screening of the thoracic region, a CT-thorax is recommended, which if negative is followed by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Breast cancer is screened for by mammography, followed by MRI. For the pelvic region, ultrasound (US) is the investigation of first choice followed by CT. Dermatomyositis patients should have CT-thorax/abdomen, US of the pelvic region and mammography in women, US of testes in men under 50 years and colonoscopy in men and women over 50. If primary screening is negative, repeat screening after 3-6 months and screen every 6 months up till 4 years. In LEMS, screening for 2 years is sufficient. In syndromes where only a subgroup of patients have a malignancy, tumour markers have additional value to predict a probable malignancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.