ArticleThe Journal of general physiology2010
Neuroglial ATP release through innexin channels controls microglial cell movement to a nerve injury.
Article in The Journal of general physiology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circuit-constrained molecular neuroethology in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026Review
- TGM2-P2RX7 loop promotes gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer by modulating glutamine metabolism and mitophagy.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- On the molecular nature of large-pore channels.Journal of molecular biology · 2021Review
- Structure versus function: Are new conformations of pannexin 1 yet to be resolved?The Journal of general physiology · 2021Article
- From purines to purinergic signalling: molecular functions and human diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Review
- Palmitoylethanolamide Modulation of Microglia Activation: Characterization of Mechanisms of Action and Implication for Its Neuroprotective Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Glial Chloride Channels in the Function of the Nervous System Across Species.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Pannexin-1 Channel Regulates ATP Release in Epilepsy.Neurochemical research · 2020Review
- Pannexin 1 sustains the electrophysiological responsiveness of retinal ganglion cells.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Roles of astrocytic connexin-43, hemichannels, and gap junctions in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury induced neuroinflammation and the possible regulatory mechanisms of salvianolic acid B and carbenoxolone.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2018Article
- Nucleotide transmitters ATP and ADP mediate intercellular calcium wave communication via P2Y12/13 receptors among BV-2 microglia.PloS one · 2017Article
- Inseparable tandem: evolution chooses ATP and Ca2+ to control life, death and cellular signalling.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2016Review
- Connexins and Pannexins: New Insights into Microglial Functions and Dysfunctions.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2016Review
- Connexin and pannexin signaling pathways, an architectural blueprint for CNS physiology and pathology?Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2015Review
- ATP release through pannexon channels.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Review
- Toll-like receptor-triggered calcium mobilization protects mice against bacterial infection through extracellular ATP release.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Mechanosensitive unpaired innexin channels in C. elegans touch neurons.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2014Article
- Calreticulin contributes to C1q-dependent recruitment of microglia in the leech Hirudo medicinalis following a CNS injury.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2014Article
- Article
- Hemichannel composition and electrical synaptic transmission: molecular diversity and its implications for electrical rectification.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are attracted to sites of injury. The injury releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the extracellular space, activating the microglia, but the full mechanism of release is not known. In glial cells, a family of physiologically regulated unpaired gap junction channels called innexons (invertebrates) or pannexons (vertebrates) located in the cell membrane is permeable to ATP. Innexons, but not pannexons, also pair to make gap junctions. Glial calcium waves, triggered by injury or mechanical stimulation, open pannexon/innexon channels and cause the release of ATP. It has been hypothesized that a glial calcium wave that triggers the release of ATP causes rapid microglial migration to distant lesions. In the present study in the leech, in which a single giant glial cell ensheathes each connective, hydrolysis of ATP with 10 U/ml apyrase or block of innexons with 10 µM carbenoxolone (CBX), which decreased injury-induced ATP release, reduced both movement of microglia and their accumulation at lesions. Directed movement and accumulation were restored in CBX by adding ATP, consistent with separate actions of ATP and nitric oxide, which is required for directed movement but does not activate glia. Injection of glia with innexin2 (Hminx2) RNAi inhibited release of carboxyfluorescein dye and microglial migration, whereas injection of innexin1 (Hminx1) RNAi did not when measured 2 days after injection, indicating that glial cells' ATP release through innexons was required for microglial migration after nerve injury. Focal stimulation either mechanically or with ATP generated a calcium wave in the glial cell; injury caused a large, persistent intracellular calcium response. Neither the calcium wave nor the persistent response required ATP or its release. Thus, in the leech, innexin membrane channels releasing ATP from glia are required for migration and accumulation of microglia after nerve injury.
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