ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2010
Dissemination of invasive Salmonella via bacterial-induced extrusion of mucosal epithelia.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 250 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
250 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 393 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Host-microbiota-pathogen interactions drive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- The miR-744-5p/connexin 43 axis modulates Salmonella-containing vacuole association with the Golgi network.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Decoupling virulence from growth: a synthetic α-helical peptide suppressesMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Airway epithelia clear rhinovirus infection via two waves of cell extrusion.Science advances · 2026Article
- The Manipulation of Host Cells byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Provision of preferred nutrients to macrophages promotes Salmonella intracellular replication without relying on Type III secretion systems.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- SLC11A2 withholds divalent metals fromProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Salmonella Effector SpvC Targets SEC23B of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Resist Gasdermin D-Mediated Protection Against Systemic Infection.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Research progress on immunoprotective mechanisms of enteric fever and vaccine development.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Gasdermins against intracellular bacterial pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Current Applications and Immunological Considerations ofMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Infection strategies ofGut microbes reports · 2026Review
- Bimodal expression of Type 3 Secretion System 2 enables cooperative virulence among intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2025Review
- Induced endosymbiosis between a fungus and bacterium reveals a shift from antagonism to commensalism.Nature communications · 2025Article
- SLC11A2 affects nutritional immunity in the gut epithelium.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Salmonella multimutants enable efficient identification of SPI-2 effector protein function in gut inflammation and systemic colonization.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Determinants of divergentmBio · 2025Article
- Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling mediates shedding of measles virus-infected respiratory epithelial cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
190 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that resides and proliferates within a membrane-bound vacuole in epithelial cells of the gut and gallbladder. Although essential to disease, how Salmonella escapes from its intracellular niche and spreads to secondary cells within the same host, or to a new host, is not known. Here, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of Salmonella hyperreplicating in the cytosol of epithelial cells serves as a reservoir for dissemination. These bacteria are transcriptionally distinct from intravacuolar Salmonella. They are induced for the invasion-associated type III secretion system and possess flagella; hence, they are primed for invasion. Epithelial cells laden with these cytosolic bacteria are extruded out of the monolayer, releasing invasion-primed and -competent Salmonella into the lumen. This extrusion mechanism is morphologically similar to the process of cell shedding required for turnover of the intestinal epithelium. In contrast to the homeostatic mechanism, however, bacterial-induced extrusion is accompanied by an inflammatory cell death characterized by caspase-1 activation and the apical release of IL-18, an important cytokine regulator of gut inflammation. Although epithelial extrusion is obviously beneficial to Salmonella for completion of its life cycle, it also provides a mechanistic explanation for the mucosal inflammation that is triggered during Salmonella infection of the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.