ArticleGastroenterology2011
TGF-β2 suppresses macrophage cytokine production and mucosal inflammatory responses in the developing intestine.
Article in Gastroenterology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enteral Feeding Interventions in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Studies.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- TGF-β2, a protective intestinal cytokine, is abundant in maternal human milk and human-derived fortifiers but not in donor human milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2013Trial
- The gut-brain ConNECtion: exploring the developmental impact of necrotizing enterocolitis on the neonatal brain.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Tissue signatures of human macrophages during homeostasis and activation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Development and functional adaptation of intestinal macrophages across the lifespan.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Review
- The role of myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis; a scoping review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in necrotizing enterocolitis.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Digging deeper into necrotizing enterocolitis: bridging clinical, microbial, and molecular perspectives.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Comprehensive Review on Toll-like Receptor 4-Mediated Pathophysiology, Clinical, and Therapeutic Insights.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hematological Parameters in Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Metabolic reprogramming and M2 macrophage depletion define the microenvironment of adenomyosis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Dysregulation of MMP2-dependent TGF-ß2 activation impairs fibrous cap formation in type 2 diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Evolutionary bridges: how factors present in amniotic fluid and human milk help mature the gut.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Review
- Neonatal Gut Mycobiome: Immunity, Diversity of Fungal Strains, and Individual and Non-Individual Factors.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Extracellular Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Is a Therapeutic Target in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Rapamycin Inhibits Senescence and Improves Immunomodulatory Function of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through IL-8 and TGF-β Signaling.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2024Article
- MicroRNA -21 expression as an auxiliary diagnostic biomarker of acute brucellosis.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
- Immunological aspects of necrotizing enterocolitis models: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Association of maternal postpartum depression symptoms with infant neurodevelopment and gut microbiota.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND &
aimsPremature neonates are predisposed to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an idiopathic, inflammatory bowel necrosis. We investigated whether NEC occurs in the preterm intestine due to incomplete noninflammatory differentiation of intestinal macrophages, which increases the risk of a severe mucosal inflammatory response to bacterial products.
methodsWe compared inflammatory properties of human/murine fetal, neonatal, and adult intestinal macrophages. To investigate gut-specific macrophage differentiation, we next treated monocyte-derived macrophages with conditioned media from explanted human fetal and adult intestinal tissues. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) expression and bioactivity were measured in fetal/adult intestine and in NEC. Finally, we used wild-type and transgenic mice to investigate the effects of deficient TGF-β signaling on NEC-like inflammatory mucosal injury.
resultsIntestinal macrophages in the human preterm intestine (fetus/premature neonate), but not in full-term neonates and adults, expressed inflammatory cytokines. Macrophage cytokine production was suppressed in the developing intestine by TGF-β, particularly the TGF-β(2) isoform. NEC was associated with decreased tissue expression of TGF-β(2) and decreased TGF-β bioactivity. In mice, disruption of TGF-β signaling worsened NEC-like inflammatory mucosal injury, whereas enteral supplementation with recombinant TGF-β(2) was protective.
conclusionsIntestinal macrophages progressively acquire a noninflammatory profile during gestational development. TGF-β, particularly the TGF-β(2) isoform, suppresses macrophage inflammatory responses in the developing intestine and protects against inflammatory mucosal injury. Enterally administered TGF-β(2) protected mice from experimental NEC-like injury.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.