ArticleJournal of bacteriology2010
Molecular evolution of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin gene vacA.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Beyond Low Prevalence: Exploring Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles in Sri Lankan Helicobacter pylori with Comparative Genomics.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Research advances of the establishment and characterization ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Vacuolating Cytotoxin A (VacA) and Extracellular Vesicles inIranian journal of pathology · 2025Review
- Taurine modulates host cell responses toInfection and immunity · 2024Article
- Structural Analysis of Membrane-associated Forms of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin.Journal of molecular biology · 2024Article
- Susceptibility patterns and virulence genotypes ofWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2023Article
- Correlation analysis of gastric mucosal lesions withAnnals of translational medicine · 2022Article
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- Association ofCanadian journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · 2021Review
- Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori babA, oipA, sabA, and homB genes in isolates from Chinese patients with different gastroduodenal diseases.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2020Article
- Role of amoebae for survival and recovery of 'non-culturable' Helicobacter pylori cells in aquatic environments.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2020Article
- An improved quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology for Helicobacter pylori detection in stomach tissue and its application value in clinical precision testing.BMC biotechnology · 2020Article
- Functional Properties of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin m1 and m2 Variants.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a genetically diverse organism that is adapted for colonization of the human stomach. All strains contain a gene encoding a secreted, pore-forming toxin known as VacA. Genetic variation at this locus could be under strong selection as H. pylori adapts to the host immune response, colonizes new human hosts, or inhabits different host environments. Here, we analyze the molecular evolution of VacA. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate the subdivision of VacA sequences into three main groups with distinct geographic distributions. Divergence of the three groups is principally due to positively selected sequence changes in the p55 domain, a central region required for binding of the toxin to host cells. Divergent amino acids map to surface-exposed sites in the p55 crystal structure. Comparative phylogenetic analyses of vacA sequences and housekeeping gene sequences indicate that vacA does not share the same evolutionary history as the core genome. Further, rooting the VacA tree with outgroup sequences from the close relative Helicobacter acinonychis reveals that the ancestry of VacA is different from the African origin that typifies the core genome. Finally, sequence analyses of the virulence determinant CagA reveal three main groups strikingly similar to the three groups of VacA sequences. Taken together, these results indicate that positive selection has shaped the phylogenetic structure of VacA and CagA, and each of these virulence determinants has evolved separately from the core genome.
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