ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2012
Kraepelin was right: a latent class analysis of symptom dimensions in patients and controls.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic Utility of Formal Thought Disorder Between Affective and Non-Affective Psychosis: A Machine Learning Approach.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Latent class analysis of symptoms across schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar I disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Three Distinct Pathways to First Episode Mania and Psychosis: Latent Class Analysis of Antecedent Psychopathology.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Common neuroanatomical differential factors underlying heterogeneous gray matter volume variations in five common psychiatric disorders.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Disease Progression Patterns of Brain Morphology in Schizophrenia: More Progressed Stages in Treatment Resistance.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- The Modern Concept of Schizoaffective Disorder: A Narrative Review.Consortium psychiatricum · 2024Review
- Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder and their impact on the illness: A systematic review.World journal of psychiatry · 2022Article
- Differential Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1 Protein Expression in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Between Schizophrenia Type 1 and Type 2.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Adaptive and maladaptive features of schizotypy clusters in a community sample.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- An Investigation of Psychosis Subgroups With Prognostic Validation and Exploration of Genetic Underpinnings: The PsyCourse Study.JAMA psychiatry · 2020Article
- Prominent autistic traits and subthreshold bipolar/mixed features of depression in severe anorexia nervosa.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2020Article
- Two distinct neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia revealed using machine learning.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2020Article
- Association Between Schizophrenia-Related Polygenic Liability and the Occurrence and Level of Mood-Incongruent Psychotic Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder.JAMA psychiatry · 2018Article
- Variation and validation: the example of schizophrenia.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2016Article
- Detecting Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Psychiatric Disorders: Sample Size Matters.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2016Article
- Factors of psychological distress: clinical value, measurement substance, and methodological artefacts.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2015Review
- Focus on psychosis.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2015Review
- Gene x environment interactions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: evidence from neuroimaging.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2013Review
- Categorical vs dimensional classifications of psychotic disorders.Comprehensive psychiatry · 2012Review
- The identification of family subtype based on the assessment of subclinical levels of psychosis in relatives.BMC psychiatry · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity within patients and controls may explain why the genetic variants contributing to schizophrenia risk explain only a fraction of the heritability. The aim of this study is to investigate quantitative and qualitative differences in psychosis symptoms in a sample including psychosis patients, their relatives, and community controls. We combined factor analysis and latent class analysis to analyze variation in Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History lifetime-rated symptoms in 4286 subjects. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Intelligence Quotient (N = 2663) and the Camberwell Assessment of Need rating scale (N = 625) were assessed in a subsample. Variation in 5 continuous dimensions (disorganization, positive, negative, mania, and depression) was accounted for by the presence of 7 homogeneous classes (Kraepelinian schizophrenia, affective psychosis, manic-depression, deficit nonpsychosis, depression, healthy, and no symptoms). Eighty-five percent of the schizophrenia patients was assigned to the Kraepelinian schizophrenia class (characterized by high scores on the 5 dimensions, low IQ, and poor outcome) while 15% was assigned to the affective psychosis class (relatively low disorganization and negative scores, normal IQ, and good outcome). In bipolar patients (91% bipolar I), 41% was assigned to the Kraepelinian schizophrenia class, 44% to the affective psychosis class, and 10% to the manic-depression class. Latent class membership was associated with intelligence in psychosis patients and in their relatives but not in community controls. In conclusion, symptom heterogeneity is more pronounced in bipolar disorder compared with schizophrenia. Reducing phenotypic heterogeneity within psychosis patients and controls may facilitate etiological research.
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