ArticleBMC genomics2010
Conservation, duplication, and loss of the Tor signaling pathway in the fungal kingdom.
Article in BMC genomics, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive analysis of small GTPases in Microsporidia reveals new extremes in eukaryotic cell biology.BMC biology · 2026Article
- Functional analysis of target of rapamycin in regulating mycelial growth and development in Penicillium italicum.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- Metabolic Adaptations Determine the Evolutionary Trajectory of TOR Signaling in Diverse Eukaryotes.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- The Central FacilitaTOR: Coordinating Transcription and Translation in Eukaryotes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Non-dikarya fungi share the TORC1 pathway with animals, not with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Distribution of microsporidia in preterm and full-term infant gut microbiomes and implications for host health.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- The TOR signalling pathway in fungal phytopathogens: A target for plant disease control.Molecular plant pathology · 2024Review
- Constitutive activation of TORC1 signalling attenuates virulence in the cross-kingdom fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum.Molecular plant pathology · 2023Article
- The Rheb GTPase promotes pheromone blindness via a TORC1-independent pathway in the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis.The Biochemical journal · 2022Article
- Article
- Robust Cre recombinase activity in the biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis enables efficient conditional null mutants in planta.Genetics · 2022Article
- The HMGB ProteinBiomolecules · 2021Article
- Shared Components of the FRQ-Less Oscillator and TOR Pathway Maintain Rhythmicity inJournal of biological rhythms · 2021Article
- Genome-Wide Analysis of Nutrient Signaling Pathways Conserved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- The TOR kinase pathway is relevant for nitrogen signaling and antagonism of the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride.PloS one · 2021Article
- The Evolution of the Hallmarks of Aging.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Evolution of microsporidia: An extremely successful group of eukaryotic intracellular parasites.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Reactive Carbonyls Induce TOR- and Carbohydrate-Dependent Hormetic Response in Yeast.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2020Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe nutrient-sensing Tor pathway governs cell growth and is conserved in nearly all eukaryotic organisms from unicellular yeasts to multicellular organisms, including humans. Tor is the target of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin, which in complex with the prolyl isomerase FKBP12 inhibits Tor functions. Rapamycin is a gold standard drug for organ transplant recipients that was approved by the FDA in 1999 and is finding additional clinical indications as a chemotherapeutic and antiproliferative agent. Capitalizing on the plethora of recently sequenced genomes we have conducted comparative genomic studies to annotate the Tor pathway throughout the fungal kingdom and related unicellular opisthokonts, including Monosiga brevicollis, Salpingoeca rosetta, and Capsaspora owczarzaki.
resultsInterestingly, the Tor signaling cascade is absent in three microsporidian species with available genome sequences, the only known instance of a eukaryotic group lacking this conserved pathway. The microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens with highly reduced genomes, and we hypothesize that they lost the Tor pathway as they adapted and streamlined their genomes for intracellular growth in a nutrient-rich environment. Two TOR paralogs are present in several fungal species as a result of either a whole genome duplication or independent gene/segmental duplication events. One such event was identified in the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid responsible for worldwide global amphibian declines and extinctions.
conclusionsThe repeated independent duplications of the TOR gene in the fungal kingdom might reflect selective pressure acting upon this kinase that populates two proteinaceous complexes with different cellular roles. These comparative genomic analyses illustrate the evolutionary trajectory of a central nutrient-sensing cascade that enables diverse eukaryotic organisms to respond to their natural environments.
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