ArticleJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2010
National trends in child and adolescent psychotropic polypharmacy in office-based practice, 1996-2007.
Article in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 254 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of stimulant dose and dosing strategy on treatment outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Intentional Discontinuation of Psychostimulants Used to Treat ADHD in Youth: A Review and Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Evidence-based treatments for youths with severely dysregulated mood: a qualitative systematic review of trials for SMD and DMDD.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Predictors of polypharmacy and off-label prescribing of psychotropic medications: a national survey of child and adolescent psychiatrists.Journal of psychiatric practice · 2014Pooled it
- Antipsychotic and psychostimulant drug combination therapy in attention deficit/hyperactivity and disruptive behavior disorders: a systematic review of efficacy and tolerability.Current psychiatry reports · 2013Pooled it
- Age and Cohort Patterns of Medical and Nonmedical Use of Controlled Medication Among Adolescents.Journal of addiction medicinePooled it
- The Visuo-Motor Attention Test in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Methylphenidate-Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial.Child psychiatry and human development · 2021Trial
- Stepped Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Aggressive Behavior: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Adjunctive Risperidone, Divalproex Sodium, or Placebo After Stimulant Medication Optimization.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Clinical Implications From the Treatment of Severe Childhood Aggression (TOSCA) Study: A Re-Analysis and Integration of Findings.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2017Trial
- Risperidone Added to Psychostimulant in Children with Severe Aggression and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Lack of Effect on Attention and Short-Term Memory.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2017Trial
- Severely Aggressive Children Receiving Stimulant Medication Versus Stimulant and Risperidone: 12-Month Follow-Up of the TOSCA Trial.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2016Trial
- The Effectiveness and Tolerability of Central Nervous System Stimulants in School-Age Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Across Home and School.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2016Trial
- Risperidone added to parent training and stimulant medication: effects on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and peer aggression.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2014Trial
- Quetiapine versus aripiprazole in children and adolescents with psychosis--protocol for the randomised, blinded clinical Tolerability and Efficacy of Antipsychotics (TEA) trial.BMC psychiatry · 2014Trial
- Internet-delivered, family-based treatment for early-onset OCD: a preliminary case series.Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 · 2014Trial
- What does risperidone add to parent training and stimulant for severe aggression in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2014Trial
- A novel group therapy for children with ADHD and severe mood dysregulation.Journal of attention disorders · 2013Trial
- Psychotropic Medication Use by Children with Autism Served in Publicly Funded Mental Health Settings.Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBPTrial
- Comorbidities and comedication among individuals in treatment for ADHD: a Danish nationwide study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Safer Use of Antipsychotics in Youth Study on Population Level Antipsychotic Initiation: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2024Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine patterns and recent trends in multiclass psychotropic treatment among youth visits to office-based physicians in the United States.
methodAnnual data from the 1996-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys were analyzed to examine patterns and trends in multiclass psychotropic treatment within a nationally representative sample of 3,466 child and adolescent visits to office-based physicians in which a psychotropic medication was prescribed.
resultsThere was an increase in the percentage of child visits in which psychotropic medications were prescribed that included at least two psychotropic classes. Across the 12 year period, multiclass psychotropic treatment rose from 14.3% of child psychotropic visits (1996-1999) to 20.2% (2004-2007) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-2.94, p < .01). Among medical visits in which a current mental disorder was diagnosed, the percentage with multiclass psychotropic treatment increased from 22.2% (1996-1999) to 32.2% (2004-2007) (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.42-3.52, p < .001). Over time, there were significant increases in multiclass psychotropic visits in which ADHD medications, antidepressants, or antipsychotics were prescribed, and a decrease in those visits in which mood stabilizers were prescribed. There were also specific increases in co-prescription of ADHD medications and antipsychotic medications (AOR = 6.22, 95% CI = 2.82-13.70, p < .001) and co-prescription of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications (AOR = 5.77, 95% CI = 2.88-11.60, p < .001).
conclusionsAlthough little is known about the safety and efficacy of regimens that involve concomitant use of two or more psychotropic agents for children and adolescents, multiclass psychotropic pharmacy is becoming increasingly common in outpatient practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.