ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2010
Expression of proliferative and inflammatory markers in a full-thickness human skin equivalent following exposure to the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide.
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nitrogen Mustard Disrupts Bioenergetics and Activates Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death Pathways in Human Keratinocytes.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Targeting miR-497-5p rescues human keratinocyte dysfunction upon skin exposure to sulfur mustard.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- Effective high-throughput isolation of enriched platelets and circulating pro-angiogenic cells to accelerate skin-wound healing.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Article
- Determination of Chemical Irritation Potential Using a Defined Gene Signature Set on Tissue-Engineered Human Skin Equivalents.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2021Article
- Microbially competent 3D skin: a test system that reveals insight into host-microbe interactions and their potential toxicological impact.Archives of toxicology · 2020Article
- DNA damage signaling in the cellular responses to mustard vesicants.Toxicology letters · 2020Article
- Review: Endogenously Produced Volatiles forApplied in vitro toxicology · 2018Review
- Tissue injury and repair following cutaneous exposure of mice to sulfur mustard.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2016Review
- Multi-inhibitor prodrug constructs for simultaneous delivery of anti-inflammatory agents to mustard-induced skin injury.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2016Review
- Corneal toxicity induced by vesicating agents and effective treatment options.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2016Review
- Mitigation of nitrogen mustard mediated skin injury by a novel indomethacin bifunctional prodrug.Experimental and molecular pathology · 2016Article
- Nitrogen mustard exposure of murine skin induces DNA damage, oxidative stress and activation of MAPK/Akt-AP1 pathway leading to induction of inflammatory and proteolytic mediators.Toxicology letters · 2015Article
- Structural changes in hair follicles and sebaceous glands of hairless mice following exposure to sulfur mustard.Experimental and molecular pathology · 2014Article
- Wound healing revised: a novel reepithelialization mechanism revealed by in vitro and in silico models.The Journal of cell biology · 2013Article
- Sulforaphane induces phase II detoxication enzymes in mouse skin and prevents mutagenesis induced by a mustard gas analog.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2013Article
- Silibinin, dexamethasone, and doxycycline as potential therapeutic agents for treating vesicant-inflicted ocular injuries.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2012Article
- Structural changes in the skin of hairless mice following exposure to sulfur mustard correlate with inflammation and DNA damage.Experimental and molecular pathology · 2011Article
- Sulfur mustard analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide-induced skin injury involves DNA damage and induction of inflammatory mediators, in part via oxidative stress, in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin.Toxicology letters · 2011Article
- Regulation of Hsp27 and Hsp70 expression in human and mouse skin construct models by caveolae following exposure to the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2011Article
- Protective effect of liposome-encapsulated glutathione in a human epidermal model exposed to a mustard gas analog.Journal of toxicology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sulfur mustard is a potent vesicant that induces inflammation, edema and blistering following dermal exposure. To assess molecular mechanisms mediating these responses, we analyzed the effects of the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, on EpiDerm-FT™, a commercially available full-thickness human skin equivalent. CEES (100-1000 μM) caused a concentration-dependent increase in pyknotic nuclei and vacuolization in basal keratinocytes; at high concentrations (300-1000 μM), CEES also disrupted keratin filament architecture in the stratum corneum. This was associated with time-dependent increases in expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker of cell proliferation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and phosphorylated histone H2AX, markers of DNA damage. Concentration- and time-dependent increases in mRNA and protein expression of eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes including COX-2, 5-lipoxygenase, microsomal PGE₂ synthases, leukotriene (LT) A₄ hydrolase and LTC₄ synthase were observed in CEES-treated skin equivalents, as well as in antioxidant enzymes, glutathione S-transferases A1-2 (GSTA1-2), GSTA3 and GSTA4. These data demonstrate that CEES induces rapid cellular damage, cytotoxicity and inflammation in full-thickness skin equivalents. These effects are similar to human responses to vesicants in vivo and suggest that the full thickness skin equivalent is a useful in vitro model to characterize the biological effects of mustards and to develop potential therapeutics.
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