Evidence map›Paper›PMID 20833320›Full record

ArticleCurrent biology : CB2010

Transcriptional enhancers in animal development and evolution.

Mike Levine

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Current biology : CB, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 296 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
296citing papers in PubMed
11.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

296 citing papers in PubMed, 487 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. The genetic foundations of convergent traits.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026
    Review
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  19. Emergence of activation or repression in transcriptional control under a fixed molecular context.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  20. The Biological Function of Genome Organization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Review

236 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Mike LevineDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. mlevine@berkeley.edu
University of California, Berkeley · US

Funding

SPATIAL REALMS OF HOMEOTIC GENE EXPRESSION IN DROSOPHILAR01GM034431 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO · PI LEVINE, MICHAEL STEVEN · 1985 to 2016
$4.4M
Developmental Patterning of the Anterior Neural Plate in a Simple ChordateR01NS076542 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI LEVINE, MICHAEL STEVEN · 2012 to 2022
$3.4M
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DORSAL MORPHOGENR01GM046638 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO · PI LEVINE, MICHAEL STEVEN · 1991 to 2016
$2.3M
NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM034431NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM046638NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS076542
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Regulatory DNAs serve as templates to bring weakly interacting transcription factors into close proximity so they can work synergistically to switch genes on and off in time and space. Most of these regulatory DNAs are enhancers that can work over long distances--a million base pairs or more in mammals--to control gene expression. Critical enhancers are sometimes even found within the introns of neighboring genes. This review summarizes well-defined examples of enhancers controlling key processes in animal development. Potential mechanisms of transcriptional synergy are discussed with regard to enhancer structure and contemporary ChIP-sequencing assays, whereby just a small fraction of the observed binding sites represent bona fide regulatory DNAs. Finally, there is a discussion of how enhancer evolution can produce novelty in animal morphology and of the prospects for reconstructing transitions in animal evolution by introducing derived enhancers in basal ancestors.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticEvolution, MolecularTranscription, GeneticAnimalsDNAPromoter Regions, GeneticDNA

Identifiers

PMID20833320
PMCPMC4280268
OpenAlexW1987839415

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.