ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2011
Impact of pregnancy and vaginal delivery on the passive and active mechanics of the rat vagina.
Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal models for pelvic organ prolapse: systematic review.International urogynecology journal · 2021Pooled it
- Time-Series Analysis of Pregnancy and Childbirth Effects on Pelvic Floor Muscle Electrophysiology and Morphology in Rats.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Functionalized polysaccharides for infection-resistant and regenerative therapies in gynecology.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Vaginal Tissue Engineering Applications.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2026Article
- Vaginal biomechanical function in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with and without pelvic organ prolapse.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessment of perineal body properties in women with stress urinary incontinence using Transperineal shear wave elastography.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- MechanoBase: a comprehensive database for the mechanics of tissues and cells.Database : the journal of biological databases and curation · 2024Article
- Pregnancy-induced remodeling of the murine reproductive tract: a longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Supramolecular Fibrous Hydrogel Augmentation of Uterosacral Ligament Suspension for Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse.Advanced healthcare materials · 2023Article
- Effects of mesenchymal stem cells and heparan sulfate mimetics on urethral function and vaginal wall biomechanics in a simulated rat childbirth injury model.International urogynecology journal · 2023Article
- Advances in vaginal bioengineering: Applications, techniques, and needs.Current research in physiology · 2023Review
- The Role of Biaxial Loading on Smooth Muscle Contractility in the Nulliparous Murine Cervix.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2021Article
- Tear propagation in vaginal tissue under inflation.Acta biomaterialia · 2021Article
- Contractile Properties of Vaginal Tissue.Journal of biomechanical engineering · 2020Review
- Article
- Pelvic Organ Prolapse: A Review of In Vitro Testing of Pelvic Support Mechanisms.Ochsner journal · 2020Review
- Inflation and rupture of vaginal tissue.Interface focus · 2019Article
- Smooth muscle regional contribution to vaginal wall function.Interface focus · 2019Article
- Signs of damage in pelvic floor muscles at the end of pregnancy in rabbits.International urogynecology journal · 2019Article
- In vivo biocompatibility and time-dependent changes in mechanical properties of woven collagen meshes: A comparison to xenograft and synthetic mid-urethral sling materials.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Remodeling of vaginal extracellular matrix and smooth muscle likely plays a critical role in reducing the risk of maternal injury during vaginal delivery by altering the mechanical properties to increase distension and reduce stress. Long-Evans rats were divided into five groups to examine the passive mechanical and active contractile properties throughout pregnancy and postpartum: virgin (n=17), mid-pregnant (Day 14-16, n=12), late-pregnant (Day 20-22, n=14), immediate postpartum (0-2 h after delivery, n=14), and 4 week postpartum (n=15). Longitudinal sections of vaginal tissue were loaded to failure uniaxially for passive mechanical or active contractile properties were examined. For passive mechanics, the tangent modulus decreased 45% by mid-pregnancy and immediately postpartum (p<0.001). The ultimate strain continuously increased up to 43% higher than virgin animals (p=0.007) in the immediate postpartum group. For active mechanics, the maximal contractile force was 36-56% lower through immediate postpartum animals, and was significantly more sensitive to K+ throughout pregnancy and postpartum (p=0.003). The changes observed in the passive and active properties of the rat vagina are consistent with what would be expected from a tissue that is remodeling to maximize its ability to distend at the time of vaginal delivery to facilitate passage of the fetus with minimal injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.