ArticleBMC public health2010
Epidemiological and economic burden of metabolic syndrome and its consequences in patients with hypertension in Germany, Spain and Italy; a prevalence-based model.
Article in BMC public health, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Gender-specific accuracy of lipid accumulation product index for the screening of metabolic syndrome in general adults: a meta-analysis and comparative analysis with other adiposity indicators.Lipids in health and disease · 2024Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Microbial Therapy Against Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence From Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review of pharmacist input to metabolic syndrome screening, management and prevention.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2020Pooled it
- An update on psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of observational studies.PloS one · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- Utilizing technology for diet and exercise change in complex chronic conditions across diverse environments (U-DECIDE): feasibility randomised controlled trial.BMC health services research · 2024Trial
- Trial
- JIS definition identified more Malaysian adults with metabolic syndrome compared to the NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria.BioMed research international · 2013Trial
- Metabolic-inflammatory memory: the common pathological basis and therapeutic targets of metabolic syndrome.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Development, structure, and implementation of cardiometabolic clinics in the United States, with a focus on comprehensive patient care.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Review
- Economic impact of steroid-induced comorbidities in severe asthma: a SHARP CRC simulation.ERJ open research · 2025Article
- Metrics that matter: Identifying endpoints for capturing the broad health impacts of prevention of obesity.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Using weight-for-age as a screening tool for metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy adolescents.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Article
- Unveiling the global impact of hypertensive heart disease among individuals aged ≥ 65 years: metabolic risk factors and future projections for 2050.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Literature Review and Resource for Chiropractors.Journal of chiropractic medicine · 2025Review
- Metabolic syndrome: epidemiology, mechanisms, and current therapeutic approaches.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Machine Learning-Driven Metabolic Syndrome Prediction: An International Cohort Validation Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Quercetin supplementation in metabolic syndrome: nutrigenetic interactions with the Zbtb16 gene variant in rodent models.Genes & nutrition · 2024Article
- Metabolic syndrome clustering patterns and the association with cardiovascular disease among post-menopausal Korean women.Scientific reports · 2024Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundThe presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and mortality. Our aim is to estimate the epidemiological and economic burden to the health service of metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension in three European countries in 2008 and 2020.
methodsAn age, sex and risk group structured prevalence based cost of illness model was developed using the United States Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria to define metabolic syndrome. Data sources included published information and public use databases on disease prevalence, incidence of cardiovascular events, prevalence of type 2 diabetes, treatment patterns and cost of management in Germany, Spain and Italy.
resultsThe prevalence of hypertension with metabolic syndrome in the general population of Germany, Spain and Italy was 36%, 11% and 10% respectively. In subjects with hypertension 61%, 22% and 21% also had metabolic syndrome. Incident cardiovascular events and attributable mortality were around two fold higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome and prevalence of type 2 diabetes was around six-fold higher. The economic burden to the health service of metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension was been estimated at €24,427, €1,900 and €4,877 million in Germany, Spain and Italy and forecast to rise by 59%, 179% and 157% respectively by 2020. The largest components of costs included the management of prevalent type 2 diabetes and incident cardiovascular events. Mean annual costs per hypertensive patient were around three-fold higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to those without and rose incrementally with the additional number of metabolic syndrome components present.
conclusionThe presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension significantly inflates economic burden and costs are likely to increase in the future due to an aging population and an increase in the prevalence of components of metabolic syndrome.
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