ArticleGene therapy2011
Direct and long-term detection of gene doping in conventional blood samples.
Article in Gene therapy, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Angiogenic Doping: Plausible Yet Difficult to Detect.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- [Gene doping: current test methods and analytical challenges].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026Review
- Codon changes challenge PCR-based gene doping detection.Gene therapy · 2025Article
- Osmotically Tunable Microdroplets Enable Amplification-Free CRISPR Detection of Gene Doping.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- PCR-Based Equine Gene Doping Test for the Australian Horseracing Industry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Analysis of Potential Gene Doping Preparations for Transgenic DNA in the Context of Sports Drug Testing Programs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Control of gene doping in human and horse sports.Gene therapy · 2022Article
- Sport and exercise genomics: the FIMS 2019 consensus statement update.British journal of sports medicine · 2020Article
- Doping in Two Elite Athletics Competitions Assessed by Randomized-Response Surveys.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Article
- Synthetic certified DNA reference material for analysis of human erythropoietin transgene and transcript in gene doping and gene therapy.Gene therapy · 2016Article
- Establishment of two quantitative nested qPCR assays targeting the human EPO transgene.Gene therapy · 2016Article
- Transgene detection by digital droplet PCR.PloS one · 2014Article
- From gene engineering to gene modulation and manipulation: can we prevent or detect gene doping in sports?Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2013Review
- Genes in sport and doping.Biology of sport · 2013Review
- A polymerase chain reaction-based methodology to detect gene doping.European journal of applied physiology · 2012Article
- Gene doping: Olympic genes for Olympic dreams.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2011Article
- Longevity of rAAV vector and plasmid DNA in blood after intramuscular injection in nonhuman primates: implications for gene doping.Gene therapy · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The misuse of somatic gene therapy for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance is perceived as a coming threat to the world of sports and categorized as 'gene doping'. This article describes a direct detection approach for gene doping that gives a clear yes-or-no answer based on the presence or absence of transgenic DNA in peripheral blood samples. By exploiting a priming strategy to specifically amplify intronless DNA sequences, we developed PCR protocols allowing the detection of very small amounts of transgenic DNA in genomic DNA samples to screen for six prime candidate genes. Our detection strategy was verified in a mouse model, giving positive signals from minute amounts (20 μl) of blood samples for up to 56 days following intramuscular adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer, one of the most likely candidate vector systems to be misused for gene doping. To make our detection strategy amenable for routine testing, we implemented a robust sample preparation and processing protocol that allows cost-efficient analysis of small human blood volumes (200 μl) with high specificity and reproducibility. The practicability and reliability of our detection strategy was validated by a screening approach including 327 blood samples taken from professional and recreational athletes under field conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.