ReviewPLoS pathogens2010
"Everything you always wanted to know about sex (but were afraid to ask)" in Leishmania after two decades of laboratory and field analyses.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Extensive heterozygosity and genetic exchange among natural populations ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The Relevance of the Predominant Clonal Evolution (PCE) Model for the Molecular Epidemiology and Subspecific Taxonomy ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- FVB/NJ strain as a mouse model for cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2024Article
- Evolution of RNA viruses in trypanosomatids: new insights from the analysis of Sauroleishmania.Parasitology research · 2023Article
- Axenic interspecies and intraclonal hybrid formation in Leishmania: Successful crossings between visceral and cutaneous strains.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- High genome plasticity and frequent genetic exchange in Leishmania tropica isolates from Afghanistan, Iran and Syria.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Article
- Reproduction in Trypanosomatids: Past and Present.Biology · 2021Review
- HAP2-Mediated Gamete Fusion: Lessons From the World of Unicellular Eukaryotes.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Genomics and High-Resolution Typing Confirm Predominant Clonal Evolution Down to a Microevolutionary Scale inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Genomic analysis of natural intra-specific hybrids among Ethiopian isolates of Leishmania donovani.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Identification of divergent Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ecotypes derived from a geographically restricted area through whole genome analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Mapping Alterations Induced by Long-Term Axenic Cultivation ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Population Genetics and Molecular Epidemiology of Eukaryotes.Microbiology spectrum · 2018Review
- Introgression of the Kinetoplast DNA: An Unusual Evolutionary Journey inCurrent genomics · 2018Review
- Concomitant Immunity Induced by Persistent Leishmania major Does Not Preclude Secondary Re-Infection: Implications for Genetic Exchange, Diversity and Vaccination.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Multilocus microsatellite typing of Leishmania and clinical applications: a review.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2015Review
- Spatio-temporal Genetic Structuring of Leishmania major in Tunisia by Microsatellite Analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Cryptosporidium,Giardia, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis genetic variability: cryptic biological species or clonal near-clades?PLoS pathogens · 2014Review
- How often do they have sex? A comparative analysis of the population structure of seven eukaryotic microbial pathogens.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today (350 million people at risk, 12 million infected, and 2 million new infections per year). Despite the considerable progress in cellular and molecular biology and in evolutionary genetics since 1990, the debate on the population structure and reproductive mode of Leishmania is far from being settled and therefore deserves further investigation. Two major hypotheses coexist: clonality versus sexuality. However, because of the lack of clear evidence (experimental or biological confirmation) of sexuality in Leishmania parasites, until today it has been suggested and even accepted that Leishmania species were mainly clonal with infrequent genetic recombination (see [1] for review). Two recent publications, one on Leishmania major (an in vitro experimental study) and one on Leishmania braziliensis (a population genetics analysis), once again have challenged the hypothesis of clonal reproduction. Indeed, the first study experimentally evidenced genetic recombination and proposed that Leishmania parasites are capable of having a sexual cycle consistent with meiotic processes inside the insect vector. The second investigation, based on population genetics studies, showed strong homozygosities, an observation that is incompatible with a predominantly clonal mode of reproduction at an ecological time scale (approximately 20-500 generations). These studies highlight the need to advance the knowledge of Leishmania biology. In this paper, we first review the reasons stimulating the continued debate and then detail the next essential steps to be taken to clarify the Leishmania reproduction model. Finally, we widen the discussion to other Trypanosomatidae and show that the progress in Leishmania biology can improve our knowledge of the evolutionary genetics of American and African trypanosomes.
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