ArticlePloS one2010
Changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotype families over 20 years in a population-based study in Northern Malawi.
Article in PloS one, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genomic epidemiology ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex Lineage 1: A neglected cause of tuberculosis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Review
- Back-to-Africa introductions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the main cause of tuberculosis in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- A comparative analysis of molecular genotypes ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- BCG re-vaccination in Malawi: 30-year follow-up of a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Article
- Spoligotype Diversity ofInternational journal of microbiology · 2020Article
- Genetic diversity ofHeliyon · 2019Article
- Reduced transmission of Mycobacterium africanum compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in urban West Africa.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2018Article
- Genotypic drug resistance using whole-genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from North-western Tanzania.Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2018Article
- Recurrence due to relapse or reinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a whole-genome sequencing approach in a large, population-based cohort with a high HIV infection prevalence and active follow-up.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Article
- Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from tuberculosis patients in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania.Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2015Article
- Factors affecting tuberculosis strain success over 10 years in a high TB- and HIV-burdened community.International journal of epidemiology · 2014Article
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype is associated with HIV infection in Mozambique.PloS one · 2013Article
- Molecular epidemiology of HIV-associated tuberculosis in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: strain predominance, clustering, and polyclonal disease.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2012Article
- Article
- Molecular detection of mixed infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in sputum samples from patients in Karonga District, Malawi.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2010Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDespite increasing interest in possible differences in virulence and transmissibility between different genotypes of M. tuberculosis, very little is known about how genotypes within a population change over decades, or about relationships to HIV infection. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL
findingsIn a population-based study in rural Malawi we have examined smears and cultures from tuberculosis patients over a 20-year period using spoligotyping. Isolates were grouped into spoligotype families and lineages following previously published criteria. Time trends, HIV status, drug resistance and outcome were examined by spoligotype family and lineage. In addition, transmissibility was examined among pairs of cases with known epidemiological contact by assessing the proportion of transmissions confirmed for each lineage, on the basis of IS6110 RFLP similarity of the M tuberculosis strains. 760 spoligotypes were obtained from smears from 518 patients from 1986-2002, and 377 spoligotypes from cultures from 347 patients from 2005-2008. There was good consistency in patients with multiple specimens. Among 781 patients with first episode tuberculosis, the majority (76%) had Lineage 4 ("European/American") strains; 9% had Lineage 3 ("East-African/Indian"); 8% Lineage 1 ("Indo-Oceanic"); and 2% Lineage 2 ("East-Asian"); others unclassifiable. Over time the proportion of Lineage 4 decreased from >90% to 60%, with an increase in the other 3 lineages (p<0.001). Lineage 1 strains were more common in those with HIV infection, even after adjusting for age, sex and year. There were no associations with drug resistance or outcome, and no differences by lineage in the proportion of pairs in which transmission was confirmed.
conclusionsThis is the first study to describe long term trends in the four M. tuberculosis lineages in a population. Lineage 4 has probably been longstanding in this population, with relatively recent introductions and spread of Lineages1-3, perhaps influenced by the HIV epidemic.
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