ReviewReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2010
Biological functions of hCG and hCG-related molecules.
Review in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 448 citations in OpenAlex.
- Periconceptional biomarkers for maternal obesity: a systematic review.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Phthalate Exposures and Placental Health in Animal Models and Humans: A Systematic Review.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022Pooled it
- Intrauterine administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Fetal sex-specific differences in gestational age at delivery in pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Investigating the Optimal Time for Intrauterine Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Infusion in Order to Improve IVF Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Pooled it
- Effect of intrauterine administration of human chorionic gonadotropin one day before fresh blastocyst transfer on clinical outcomes: a quasi-experimental study.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Trial
- Intrauterine administration of human chorionic gonadotropin does not improve pregnancy and life birth rates independently of blastocyst quality: a randomised prospective study.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2015Trial
- Parental microbiome programming of early-life neurodevelopment: multi-niche contributions through the microbiome-gut-brain axis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Control of Estrus in Sheep: Protocol Architectures, Seasonal Effects, and Breed-Specific Reproductive Performance.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Embryonic Mediators of Embryo-Uterus Communication, Implantation and Pregnancy.Molecular reproduction and development · 2026Review
- The Effect of Intramuscular Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Endometrial Preparation in Frozen-Thawed Embryo Transfer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.International journal of fertility & sterility · 2026Article
- Vascular health and exercise in females throughout the lifespan: Exploring puberty, pregnancy and menopause.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Bridging exposure and disease: serum hormones as potential mediators between PBDEs and preeclampsia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Delineating the effects of prenatal oxycodone exposure and melatonin treatment on placental and fetal outcomes in pregnant rats.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The journey of maternal platelets through the utero-placental circulation: routes, interactions, and physiological implications.Molecular human reproduction · 2026Review
- Gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders of gut-brain interaction in pregnancy.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Review
- LK-1: an investigational therapy targeting hCG-β in metastatic breast, bladder, ovarian, and cervical cancers.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The dual face of human chorionic gonadotropin in the CNS: neuroprotection, signaling, and possible pathological effects.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Review
- Cannabis smoke extract disrupts trophoblast differentiation and causes mitochondrial dysfunction beyond the effects of Δ9-THC alone.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Paraneoplastic β-hCG secretion in a postmenopausal woman with sarcoma, endometrial carcinoma, and metastatic lung disease: a case report and review of the literature.BMC women's health · 2026Review
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundhCG is a term referring to 4 independent molecules, each produced by separate cells and each having completely separate functions. These are hCG produced by villous syncytiotrophoblast cells, hyperglycosylated hCG produced by cytotrophoblast cells, free beta-subunit made by multiple primary non-trophoblastic malignancies, and pituitary hCG made by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: hCG has numerous functions. hCG promotes progesterone production by corpus luteal cells; promotes angiogenesis in uterine vasculature; promoted the fusion of cytotrophoblast cell and differentiation to make syncytiotrophoblast cells; causes the blockage of any immune or macrophage action by mother on foreign invading placental cells; causes uterine growth parallel to fetal growth; suppresses any myometrial contractions during the course of pregnancy; causes growth and differentiation of the umbilical cord; signals the endometrium about forthcoming implantation; acts on receptor in mother's brain causing hyperemesis gravidarum, and seemingly promotes growth of fetal organs during pregnancy. Hyperglycosylated hCG functions to promote growth of cytotrophoblast cells and invasion by these cells, as occurs in implantation of pregnancy, and growth and invasion by choriocarcinoma cells. hCG free beta-subunit is produced by numerous non-trophoblastic malignancies of different primaries. The detection of free beta-subunit in these malignancies is generally considered a sign of poor prognosis. The free beta-subunit blocks apoptosis in cancer cells and promotes the growth and malignancy of the cancer. Pituitary hCG is a sulfated variant of hCG produced at low levels during the menstrual cycle. Pituitary hCG seems to mimic luteinizing hormone actions during the menstrual cycle.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.