ArticleInfection and immunity2010
Identification of three novel superantigen-encoding genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and Epidemiological Landscape of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Effectiveness of a screening protocol employed at a UK rescue centre to prevent introduction of strangles.Equine veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Characterization ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Analysis ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Abortion and Lethal Septicaemia in Sows Caused by a Non-ST194Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
- Genomic characterization ofmSphere · 2023Article
- Complete genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of three donkeyFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Vancomycin resistantVeterinary world · 2021Article
- SpeS: A Novel Superantigen and Its Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant against Strangles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease.The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice · 2020Review
- Pathogenicity Factors in Group C and G Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Genetics and Pathogenicity Factors of Group C and G Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Toxins and Superantigens of Group A Streptococci.Microbiology spectrum · 2019Article
- Article
- Molecular characterization of virulence genes of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in equines.Veterinary world · 2016Article
- Recurrent Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Bacteremia in an Infant.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Article
- Clones of Streptococcus zooepidemicus from outbreaks of hemorrhagic canine pneumonia and associated immune responses.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Article
- Haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus - one fatality and two full recoveries: a case report.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2013Article
- Toxic shock syndrome related to Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus.BMJ case reports · 2013Article
- Transmission of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection from horses to humans.Emerging infectious diseases · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The acquisition of superantigen-encoding genes by Streptococcus pyogenes has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in humans, and the gain of four superantigens by Streptococcus equi is linked to the evolution of this host-restricted pathogen from an ancestral strain of the opportunistic pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. A recent study determined that the culture supernatants of several S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains possessed mitogenic activity but lacked known superantigen-encoding genes. Here, we report the identification and activities of three novel superantigen-encoding genes. The products of szeF, szeN, and szeP share 59%, 49%, and 34% amino acid sequence identity with SPEH, SPEM, and SPEL, respectively. Recombinant SzeF, SzeN, and SzeP stimulated the proliferation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, in vitro. Although none of these superantigen genes were encoded within functional prophage elements, szeN and szeP were located next to a prophage remnant, suggesting that they were acquired by horizontal transfer. Eighty-one of 165 diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains screened, including 7 out of 15 isolates from cases of disease in humans, contained at least one of these new superantigen-encoding genes. The presence of szeN or szeP, but not szeF, was significantly associated with mitogenic activity in the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population (P < 0.000001, P < 0.000001, and P = 0.104, respectively). We conclude that horizontal transfer of these novel superantigens from and within the diverse S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus population is likely to have implications for veterinary and human disease.
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