ArticleCancer research2010
Human chorionic gonadotropin in pregnancy and maternal risk of breast cancer.
Article in Cancer research, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- The Breast Cancer Protooncogenes HER2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 and Their Regulation by the iNOS/NOS2 Axis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Prenatal Biochemical Screening and a Woman's Long-Term Risk of Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2020Article
- β-hCG-induced mutant BRCA1 ignites drug resistance in susceptible breast tissue.Carcinogenesis · 2019Article
- BC200 overexpression contributes to luminal and triple negative breast cancer pathogenesis.BMC cancer · 2019Article
- Maternal reproductive hormones and angiogenic factors in pregnancy and subsequent breast cancer risk.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2019Article
- BRCA1 regulation on β-hCG: a mechanism for tumorigenicity in BRCA1 defective breast cancer.Oncogenesis · 2017Article
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Does Not Correlate with Risk for Maternal Breast Cancer: Results from the Finnish Maternity Cohort.Cancer research · 2017Article
- The protective effect of parity in hormone receptor-positive, Ki-67 expressing breast cancer.World journal of surgery · 2014Article
- Free β-human chorionic gonadotropin, total human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal risk of breast cancer.Future oncology (London, England) · 2014Article
- Molecular pathways involved in pregnancy-induced prevention against breast cancer.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2014Review
- Pregnancy-related characteristics and breast cancer risk.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2013Article
- Mimicking pregnancy as a strategy for breast cancer prevention.Breast cancer management · 2013Article
- Reproductive history and breast cancer risk.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2012Review
- Analysis of apoptosis methods recently used in Cancer Research and Cell Death & Disease publications.Cell death & disease · 2012Article
- Pregnancy-induced changes in breast cancer risk.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Full-term pregnancies are associated with long-term reductions in maternal risk of breast cancer, but the biological determinants of the protection are unknown. Experimental observations suggest that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a major hormone of pregnancy, could play a role in this association. A case-control study (242 cases and 450 controls) nested within the Northern Sweden Maternity Cohort included women who had donated a blood sample during the first trimester of a first full-term pregnancy. Total hCG was determined on Immulite 2000 analyzer. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through conditional logistic regression. Maternal breast cancer risk decreased with increasing hCG (upper tertile OR, 0.67; CI, 0.46-0.99), especially for pregnancies before age 25 (upper tertile OR, 0.41; CI, 0.21-0.80). The association diverged according to age at diagnosis: risk was reduced after age 40 (upper tertile OR, 0.60; CI, 0.39-0.91) and seemed to increase before age 40 (upper tertile OR, 1.78; CI, 0.72-4.38). Risk was reduced among those diagnosed 10 years or longer after blood draw (upper tertile OR, 0.60; CI, 0.40-0.90), but not so among those diagnosed within 10 years (upper tertile OR, 4.33; CI, 0.86-21.7). These observations suggest that the association between pregnancy hCG and subsequent maternal risk of breast cancer is modified by age at diagnosis. Although the hormone seems to be a determinant of the reduced risk around or after age 50, it might not confer protection against, or it could even increase the risk of, cancers diagnosed in the years immediately following pregnancy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.