Trial reportJournal of the National Cancer Institute2010
Lung cancer among postmenopausal women treated with estrogen alone in the women's health initiative randomized trial.
Trial report in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive factors and lung cancer risk: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Hormone replacement therapy in females can decrease the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2012Guideline
- Estrogen Plus Progestin and Lung Cancer: Follow-up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial.Clinical lung cancer · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Vitamin D intake and lung cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2013Trial
- LDCT screening for lung cancer in East Asian never-smokers: balancing benefits and overdiagnosis-related harms.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex-based differences in lung cancer susceptibility and molecular genetics in the 2020s.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Sex-based differences in CEACAM5 expression in lung cancer.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- Lung cancer in patients who have never smoked - an emerging disease.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Estrogen Promotes Resistance to Bevacizumab in Murine Models of NSCLC.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2021Article
- Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutation Detection in Histology and Cytology Specimens of Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma: Immunohistochemistry Versus the Molecular Method.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2021Article
- Age at first birth and lung cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Translational lung cancer research · 2021Article
- Expression and clinical implications of estrogen receptors in thoracic malignancies: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Review
- Interplay between estrogen and Stat3/NF-κB-driven immunomodulation in lung cancer.Carcinogenesis · 2020Article
- Gender-specific aspects of epidemiology, molecular genetics and outcome: lung cancer.ESMO open · 2020Review
- Hormone gene signature guides a novel therapeutic opportunity to improve sensitivity to HER family inhibition in lung cancer.Translational lung cancer research · 2020Article
- Lung cancer in women in 21th century.Journal of thoracic disease · 2020Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized controlled trial, use of estrogen plus progestin increased lung cancer mortality. We conducted post hoc analyses in the WHI trial evaluating estrogen alone to determine whether use of conjugated equine estrogen without progestin had a similar adverse influence on lung cancer.
methodsThe WHI study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 40 centers in the United States. A total of 10 739 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years who had a previous hysterectomy were randomly assigned to receive a once-daily 0.625-mg tablet of conjugated equine estrogen (n = 5310) or matching placebo (n = 5429). Incidence and mortality rates for all lung cancers, small cell lung cancers, and non-small cell lung cancers in the two randomization groups were compared by use of hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that were estimated from Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Analyses were by intention to treat, and all statistical tests were two-sided.
resultsAfter a mean of 7.9 years (standard deviation = 1.8 years) of follow-up, 61 women in the hormone therapy group were diagnosed with lung cancer compared with 54 in the placebo group (incidence of lung cancer per year = 0.15% vs 0.13%, respectively; HR of incidence = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.69, P = .39). Non-small cell lung cancers were of comparable number, stage, and grade in both groups. Deaths from lung cancer did not differ between the two groups (34 vs 33 deaths in estrogen and placebo groups, respectively; HR of death = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.66 to 1.72, P = .79).
conclusionUnlike use of estrogen plus progestin, which increased deaths from lung cancer, use of conjugated equine estrogen alone did not increase incidence or death from lung cancer.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.