ArticleTheoretical biology & medical modelling2010
Network, degeneracy and bow tie. Integrating paradigms and architectures to grasp the complexity of the immune system.
Article in Theoretical biology & medical modelling, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed.
- Coherence, transformation, and breakdown in living systems: part I - the common higher-order regulatory architecture (CHORA) hypothesis.Frontiers in systems biology · 2026Article
- A probabilistic and context-dependent cell culture modelling framework for regulatory toxicology.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Intrinsic health as a foundation for a science of health.Science advances · 2025Review
- Non-negative connectivity causes bow-tie architecture in neural circuits.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2025Article
- Antibodies and cryptographic hash functions: quantifying the specificity paradox.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Revisiting the evolution of bow-tie architecture in signaling networks.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Article
- Meta-Inflammation and New Anti-Diabetic Drugs: A New Chance to Knock Down Residual Cardiovascular Risk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Bow-tie architectures in biological and artificial neural networks: Implications for network evolution and assay design.iScience · 2023Article
- Sex and gender affect immune aging.Frontiers in aging · 2023Review
- A complex systems approach to aging biology.Nature aging · 2022Review
- The Role of Immunosenescence in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Multi-Cellular Immunological Interactions Associated With COVID-19 Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Targeting Impaired Antimicrobial Immunity in the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2021Review
- Robust Physiological Metrics From Sparsely Sampled Networks.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- Age-related cerebral small vessel disease and inflammaging.Cell death & disease · 2020Review
- Genomic Variation, Evolvability, and the Paradox of Mental Illness.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- Degeneracy and Complexity in Neuro-Behavioral Correlates of Team Coordination.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Article
- The Role of PTEN in Innate and Adaptive Immunity.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2019Review
- Emergence of Hierarchical Modularity in Evolving Networks Uncovered by Phylogenomic Analysis.Evolutionary bioinformatics online · 2019Review
- Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recently, the network paradigm, an application of graph theory to biology, has proven to be a powerful approach to gaining insights into biological complexity, and has catalyzed the advancement of systems biology. In this perspective and focusing on the immune system, we propose here a more comprehensive view to go beyond the concept of network. We start from the concept of degeneracy, one of the most prominent characteristic of biological complexity, defined as the ability of structurally different elements to perform the same function, and we show that degeneracy is highly intertwined with another recently-proposed organizational principle, i.e. 'bow tie architecture'. The simultaneous consideration of concepts such as degeneracy, bow tie architecture and network results in a powerful new interpretative tool that takes into account the constructive role of noise (stochastic fluctuations) and is able to grasp the major characteristics of biological complexity, i.e. the capacity to turn an apparently chaotic and highly dynamic set of signals into functional information.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.