ArticleCardiovascular diabetology2010
Age- and sex-specific prevalence and ten-year risk for cardiovascular disease of all 16 risk factor combinations of the metabolic syndrome - A cross-sectional study.
Article in Cardiovascular diabetology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Specific Metabolic Syndrome Combinations on Model-Estimated 10-Year Cardiovascular Risk in a Taiwanese Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Metabolic syndrome including both elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose is associated with higher mortality risk: a prospective study.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Ethnic variations in metabolic syndrome components and their associations with the gut microbiota: the HELIUS study.Genome medicine · 2024Article
- Age-adjusted visceral adiposity index (VAI) is superior to VAI for predicting mortality among US adults: an analysis of the NHANES 2011-2014.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2024Article
- Association between metabolic syndrome and risk of incident dementia in UK Biobank.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- [Influence of gender and place of residence differences on the evolution and mortality of ischemic cardiopathy in Catalonia: a population-based study.]Revista espanola de salud publica · 2023Article
- Oxidative balance score was negatively associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome severity, and all-cause mortality of patients with metabolic syndrome.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Incidence and long-term specific mortality trends of metabolic syndrome in the United States.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- New Simplified Diagnostic Decision Trees for the Detention of Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Metabolic syndrome in indigenous communities in Mexico: a descriptive and cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in adult surgical patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.Systematic reviews · 2019Article
- Article
- [Impact of place of residence on the presentation of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a cohort with metabolic syndrome].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2018Article
- Patient screening for early detection of aortic stenosis (AS)-review of current practice and future perspectives.Journal of thoracic disease · 2018Review
- Which factor is the most effective one in metabolic Sydrome on the outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery? A cohort study of 5 Years.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2018Article
- Association between liver function and metabolic syndrome in Chinese men and women.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Risk Stratification for Left Atrial or Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Formation in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.Chinese medical journal · 2016Article
- Optimal medical therapy for secondary prevention after an acute coronary syndrome: 18-month follow-up results at a tertiary teaching hospital in South Korea.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2016Article
- Classification of metabolic syndrome according to lipid alterations: analysis from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006.BMC public health · 2014Article
- Economic burden of acute coronary syndrome in South Korea: a national survey.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBased on the AHA/NHLBI-definition three out of five cardiometabolic traits must be present for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), resulting in 16 different combination types. The associated cardiovascular risk may however be different and specific combination may be indicative of an increased risk, furthermore little is known to which extent these 16 combinations contribute to the overall prevalence of MetS. Here we assessed the prevalence of all 16 combination types of MetS, analyzed the impact of age and gender on prevalence rates, and estimated the 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) of each MetS combination type.
methodsWe used data of the German Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Project (GEMCAS), a cross-sectional study, performed during October 2005, including 35,869 participants (aged 18-99 years, 61% women). Age-standardized prevalence and 10-year PROCAM and ESC risk scores for MI were calculated.
resultsIn both men and women the combination with elevated waist-circumference, blood pressure and glucose (WC-BP-GL) was the most frequent combination (28%), however a distinct unequal distribution was observed regarding age and sex. Any combination with GL was common in the elderly, whereas any combination with dyslipidemia and without GL was frequent in the younger. Men without MetS had an estimated mean 10-year risk of 4.7% (95%-CI: 4.5%-4.8%) for MI (PROCAM), whereas the mean 10-year risk of men with MetS was clearly higher (age-standardized 7.9%; 7.8-8.0%). In women without MetS the mean 10-year risk for MI was 1.1%, in those with MetS 2.3%. The highest impact on an estimated 10-year risk for MI (PROCAM) was observed with TG-HDL-GL-BP in both sexes (men 14.7%, women 3.9%). However, we could identify combinations with equal risks of non-fatal and fatal MI compared to participants without MetS.
conclusionsWe observed large variations in the prevalence of all 16 combination types and their association to cardiovascular risk. The importance of different combinations of MetS changes with age and between genders putting emphasis on a tailored approach towards very young or very old subjects. This knowledge may guide clinicians to effectively screen individuals and prioritize diagnostic procedures depending on age and gender.
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