ArticlemBio2010
Mixed infections and In Vivo evolution in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans.
Article in mBio, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Dual Invasive Infection with Phaeoacremonium parasiticum and Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides in a Renal Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature of Phaeoacremonium Phaeohyphomycosis.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Pooled it
- Antifungal Susceptibility Does Not Correlate With Fungal Clearance or Survival in AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis of the cryptococcal lung granuloma reveals macrophage boundary programs and sphingolipid remodeling.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mixed mycotic infection in an immunocompromised host with advanced HIV diagnosed with the assistance of a Karius test.Medical mycology case reports · 2026Article
- Genome restructuring and lineage diversification of Cryptococcus neoformans during chronic infection of human hosts.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Candida krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii) multilocus sequence typing and antifungal susceptibility profile in Cameroon.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Host and fungal factors both contribute to cryptococcosis-associated hyperammonemia (cryptammonia).Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Genetic diversity and microevolution in clinical Cryptococcus isolates from Cameroon.Medical mycology · 2023Article
- Cryptococcal meningitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Genotyping Analysis ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Importance of Clinical Isolates inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Similar evolutionary trajectories in an environmentalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Sterylglucosides in Fungi.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Diagnosis of pathogens causing bacterial meningitis using Nanopore sequencing in a resource-limited setting.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
- Proteomics ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Pleiotropy and epistasis within and between signaling pathways defines the genetic architecture of fungal virulence.PLoS genetics · 2021Article
- Molecular Epidemiology Reveals Low Genetic Diversity amongPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Dormancy in Cryptococcus neoformans: 60 years of accumulating evidence.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Koch's postulates are criteria establishing a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease that lead to the assumption that diseases are caused by a single strain or its evolved forms. Cryptococcus neoformans is a life-threatening human fungal pathogen responsible for an estimated 1 million cases of cryptococcosis/year, predominantly meningoencephalitis. To assess the molecular diversity of clinical isolates and gain knowledge of C. neoformans biology in the host, we analyzed clinical cultures collected during the prospective CryptoA/D study. Using molecular analysis of unpurified isolates, we demonstrated that mixed infections in humans are more common than previously thought, occurring in almost 20% of patients diagnosed with cryptococcosis. These mixed infections are composed of different mating types, serotypes, and/or genotypes. We also identified genetically related haploid and diploid strains in the same patients. Experimental infections and quantitative PCR show that these ploidy changes can result from endoreplication (duplication of DNA content) and that shuttling between haploid and diploid states can occur, suggesting in vivo evolution. Thus, the concept of one strain/one infection does not hold true for C. neoformans and may apply to other environmentally acquired fungal pathogens. Furthermore, the possibility of mixed and/or evolving infections should be taken into account when developing therapeutic strategies against these pathogens.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.