ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2010
Homeobox transcription factor muscle segment homeobox 2 (Msx2) correlates with good prognosis in breast cancer patients and induces apoptosis in vitro.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- RBM15 in diseases: Molecular mechanisms and clinical opportunities from RNA mGenes & diseases · 2026Review
- The Human Male Mammary Gland has Similar Epithelial Populations to Female but Distinct Composition and Transcriptional Properties.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Theranostic Interpolation of Genomic Instability in Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Effect of the m6ARNA gene on the prognosis of thyroid cancer, immune infiltration, and promising immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- A narrative review of the roles of muscle segment homeobox transcription factor family in cancer.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Review
- The Role of CHK1 Varies with the Status of Oestrogen-receptor and Progesterone-receptor in the Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer.International journal of biological sciences · 2020Article
- Article
- Infiltration of γδ T cells, IL-17+ T cells and FoxP3+ T cells in human breast cancer.Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers · 2017Article
- A Molecular View of Pathological Microcalcification in Breast Cancer.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2016Review
- DNA Methylation Patterns in Rat Mammary Carcinomas Induced by Pre- and Post-Pubertal Irradiation.PloS one · 2016Article
- MSX2 Induces Trophoblast Invasion in Human Placenta.PloS one · 2016Article
- Muscle Segment Homeobox Genes Direct Embryonic Diapause by Limiting Inflammation in the Uterus.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2015Article
- Computational prognostic indicators for breast cancer.Cancer management and research · 2014Review
- Article
- Anti-proliferative effect of Flos Albiziae flavonoids on the human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell line.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2013Article
- Phosphorylated and sumoylation-deficient progesterone receptors drive proliferative gene signatures during breast cancer progression.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2012Article
- MSX2 in pancreatic tumor development and its clinical application for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in physiology · 2012Article
- Functional and prognostic relevance of the homeobox protein MSX2 in malignant melanoma.British journal of cancer · 2011Article
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7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe homeobox-containing transcription factor muscle segment homeobox 2 (Msx2) plays an important role in mammary gland development. However, the clinical implications of Msx2 expression in breast cancer are unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the potential clinical value of Msx2 as a breast cancer biomarker and to clarify its functional role in vitro.
methodsMsx2 gene expression was first examined in a well-validated breast cancer transcriptomic dataset of 295 patients. Msx2 protein expression was then evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 281 invasive breast tumours. Finally, to assess the functional role of Msx2 in vitro, Msx2 was ectopically expressed in a highly invasive breast tumour cell line (MDA-MB-231) and an immortalised breast cell line (MCF10a), and these cell lines were examined for changes in growth rate, cell death and cell signalling.
resultsExamination of Msx2 mRNA expression in a breast cancer transcriptomic dataset demonstrated that increased levels of Msx2 were associated with good prognosis (P = 0.011). Evaluation of Msx2 protein expression on a TMA revealed that Msx2 was detectable in both tumour cell nuclei and cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic Msx2 expression was associated with low grade tumours (P = 0.012) and Ki67 negativity (P = 0.018). Nuclear Msx2 correlated with low-grade tumours (P = 0.015), estrogen receptor positivity (P = 0.038), low Ki67 (P = 0.005) and high cyclin D1 expression (P = 0.037). Increased cytoplasmic Msx2 expression was associated with a prolonged breast cancer-specific survival (P = 0.049), recurrence-free survival (P = 0.029) and overall survival (P = 0.019). Ectopic expression of Msx2 in breast cell lines resulted in radically decreased cell viability mediated by induction of cell death via apoptosis. Further analysis of Msx2-expressing cells revealed increased levels of p21 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and decreased levels of Survivin and the 'split ends' (SPEN) protein family member RBM15.
conclusionsWe conclude that increased Msx2 expression results in improved outcome for breast cancer patients, possibly by increasing the likelihood of tumour cell death by apoptosis.
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