ReviewInfection and immunity2010
Overcoming the heme paradox: heme toxicity and tolerance in bacterial pathogens.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 156 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
156 citing papers in PubMed, 299 citations in OpenAlex.
- Engineering a heme-dependent tryptophan hydroxylase pathway inSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- The versatility of the CHASE domain in one-component systems of c-di-GMP signal transduction fromJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Salmonella-derived haem inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and promotes infection in mice.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Heme in Bacterial Pathogenesis and as an Antimicrobial Target.Chemical reviews · 2025Review
- DNA-bound structure of Clostridioides difficile heme-sensing HsmR gives insight on how the unique dimer mode governs DNA specificity in MarR transcriptional regulators.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Inhibiting heme piracy by pathogenic Escherichia coli using de novo-designed proteins.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Commensal resilience: ancient ecological lessons for the modern microbiota.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Sneaky tactics: Ingenious immune evasion mechanisms ofVirulence · 2024Review
- Metatranscriptomics provide insights into the role of the symbiont Midichloria mitochondrii in Ixodes ticks.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2024Article
- Herbicides as fungicides: Targeting heme biosynthesis in the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis.Molecular plant pathology · 2024Article
- ZIP8 A391T Crohn's Disease-Linked Risk Variant Induces Colonic Metal Ion Dyshomeostasis, Microbiome Compositional Shifts, and Inflammation.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- HssS activation by membrane heme defines a paradigm for two-component system signaling inmBio · 2024Article
- Liberation of host heme bymBio · 2024Article
- Virulence characteristics of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from diabetic foot ulcers.FEMS microbes · 2024Article
- Signal-sensing triggers the shutdown of HemKR, regulating heme and iron metabolism in the spirochete Leptospira biflexa.PloS one · 2024Article
- Single-Cell Hemoprotein Diet Changes Adipose Tissue Distributions and Re-Shapes Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Effect of blocking the haem synthesis pathway and weakening the haem synthesis pathway for sirohaem on the growth of and vitamin BBioprocess and biosystems engineering · 2023Article
96 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Virtually all bacterial pathogens require iron to infect vertebrates. The most abundant source of iron within vertebrates is in the form of heme as a cofactor of hemoproteins. Many bacterial pathogens have elegant systems dedicated to the acquisition of heme from host hemoproteins. Once internalized, heme is either degraded to release free iron or used intact as a cofactor in catalases, cytochromes, and other bacterial hemoproteins. Paradoxically, the high redox potential of heme makes it a liability, as heme is toxic at high concentrations. Although a variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain heme toxicity, the mechanisms by which heme kills bacteria are not well understood. Nonetheless, bacteria employ various strategies to protect against and eliminate heme toxicity. Factors involved in heme acquisition and detoxification have been found to contribute to virulence, underscoring the physiological relevance of heme stress during pathogenesis. Herein we describe the current understanding of the mechanisms of heme toxicity and how bacterial pathogens overcome the heme paradox during infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.