ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2011
Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 300 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Functional Deconstruction of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Lipids
To Explore and Develop the Effective Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Microbiomes on Maternal and Infant Health and Neurodevelopment in Early Infancy
Who cites it
300 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Nutrition and Gut Microbiome in the Prevention of Food Allergy.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy of different single drugs to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: an update systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Cesarean section and risk of childhood leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk.Nutrition reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Probiotics and Time to Achieve Full Enteral Feeding in Human Milk-Fed and Formula-Fed Preterm Infants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2016Pooled it
- Associations Between Histo-blood Group Antigen Status in Mother-Infant Dyads and Infant Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Immunogenicity in Rural Zimbabwe.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Fecal metatranscriptomics and glycomics suggest that bovine milk oligosaccharides are fully utilized by healthy adults.The Journal of nutritional biochemistry · 2020Trial
- Safety and tolerability of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis EVC001 supplementation in healthy term breastfed infants: a phase I clinical trial.BMC pediatrics · 2017Trial
- Effects of Infant Formula With Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Growth and Morbidity: A Randomized Multicenter Trial.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2017Trial
- Human Milk as a Model for Next-Generation Infant Formula: Opportunities and Challenges.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Catalytic Efficiency for the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Core Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Analogs via Sugar Oxazolines.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2026Article
- Microbial Biomarkers of Breast Tumor and Mastitis: Deciphering the Delicate Balance between Potentially "Evil" and "Benign" Alliances in Mammary Microbiomes.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Review of Probiotic Interventions for Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis in Preterm Infants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Expanding the Toolbox for Inducible Protein Expression With Automation-enabled Generation of Glycomimetics.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Microbiota and Microbiome.Progress in molecular and subcellular biology · 2026Review
- From natural theology to the extended synthesis: Historical milestones and conceptual expansions in evolutionary biology.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Supplementation with 2'-fucosyllactose, a prebiotic human milk oligosaccharide (HMO), in a magnesium-containing medical food reduces chemotherapy-induced mucositis in Wistar rats.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
240 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific "healthy" microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous B. longum subsp. infantis strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.