ArticleGut microbes2010
The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Past and present perspectives.
Article in Gut microbes, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- The impact of TcdB conformational dynamics on vaccination against Clostridioides difficile.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Performance evaluation of the QIAstat-Dx gastrointestinal panel 2 for the detection ofJournal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- History and Evolution of the HypervirulentMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Evaluating Bezlotoxumab-Fidaxomicin Combination Therapy in Clostridioides Infection: A Single-Center Retrospective Study from Aichi Prefecture, Japan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Non-invasive treatment ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- A sequence invariable region in TcdB2 is required for toxin escape fromJournal of bacteriology · 2024Article
- Gut Microbiota-Gut Metabolites andMetabolites · 2024Review
- A leaky human colon model reveals uncoupled apical/basal cytotoxicity in earlyAmerican journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2023Article
- Inflammatory bowel disease andTherapeutic advances in gastroenterology · 2023Review
- Characterizing metabolic drivers ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- The Role of Bezlotoxumab for the Prevention of RecurrentAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Rapid Quantification ofAnalytical chemistry · 2022Article
- Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment ofFrontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Discovery of a novel natural product inhibitor of Clostridioides difficile with potent activity in vitro and in vivo.PloS one · 2022Article
- Inhibition of Clostridium difficile TcdA and TcdB toxins with transition state analogues.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Microbiota-mediated protection against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.Genes and immunity · 2021Review
- Molecular Detection of ToxigenicVeterinary sciences · 2021Article
- Systematic Evaluation of Parameters Important for Production of Native Toxin A and Toxin B fromToxins · 2021Article
- Higher genome variability within metabolism genes associates with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.BMC microbiology · 2021Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recently, we constructed and characterized isogenic tcdA and tcdB mutants of a virulent Clostridium difficile strain and used a hamster model of disease to demonstrate that toxin B, not toxin A, is essential for virulence of this emerging pathogen. Earlier studies had shown that purified toxin A alone was able to induce C. difficile disease pathology and that purified toxin B was not effective unless it was co-administered with toxin A, suggesting that the toxins act synergistically. In this addendum we discuss this paradigm-shifting conclusion in the context of current strain epidemiology, particularly with respect to naturally occurring toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates and the NAP1/027 epidemic isolates. The role of toxin receptors and how variant toxins might exert their effects is also discussed in relation to the published data. We conclude that it is critical to use the natural infection process to dissect the role of toxins in disease, and that future studies are contingent on such work. The impact and importance of animal models of C. difficile virulence are therefore considered within this frame of reference.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.