ArticleJournal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)2010
Intratumoral immunotherapy of established solid tumors with chitosan/IL-12.
Article in Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997), 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harnessing chitosan-based biomaterials for advanced cancer immunotherapy: from nanocarriers to tumor microenvironment modulation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Targeting IL-12 for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: advances in delivery strategies and clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A Synergistic 3D-Printed Collar Transforms Radiofrequency Ablation Into Potent Thermal Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- CARG-2020 targets IL-12, IL-17, and PD-L1 pathways to effectively treat melanoma and breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Chitosan-Glycerol Injectable Hydrogel for Intratumoral Delivery of Macromolecules.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An injectable hydrogel enhances intratumoral retention and antitumor efficacy of cytokine immunotherapy in murine triple negative breast tumor models.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Article
- Nanomaterials-driven in situ vaccination: a novel frontier in tumor immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Advances of oncolytic vaccinia viruses armed with interleukin in tumor therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Tumor-Localized Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-12 Combine with Radiation Therapy to Safely Potentiate Regression of Advanced Malignant Melanoma in Pet Dogs.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Article
- Stimulating the Antitumor Immune Response Using Immunocytokines: A Preclinical and Clinical Overview.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- A platform technology for ultra-long acting intratumoral therapy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Noncovalently particle-anchored cytokines with prolonged tumor retention safely elicit potent antitumor immunity.Science advances · 2024Article
- Tumor-localized interleukin-2 and interleukin-12 combine with radiation therapy to safely potentiate regression of advanced malignant melanoma in pet dogs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- IL-12-Overexpressed Nanoparticles Suppress the Proliferation of Melanoma Through Inducing ICD and Activating DC, CD8International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Cancer immunotherapy with enveloped self-amplifying mRNA CARG-2020 that modulates IL-12, IL-17 and PD-L1 pathways to prevent tumor recurrence.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Article
- Intratumoral aluminum hydroxide-anchored IL-12 drives potent antitumor activity by remodeling the tumor microenvironment.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Photoactivated HPPH-Liposomal therapy for the treatment of HPV-Negative head and neck cancer.Oral oncology · 2023Article
- Focal Cryo-Immunotherapy with Intratumoral IL-12 Prevents Recurrence of Large Murine Tumors.Cancers · 2023Article
- Review
- Targeted modulation of immune cells and tissues using engineered biomaterials.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
IL-12 is a potent antitumor cytokine that exhibits significant clinical toxicities after systemic administration. We hypothesized that intratumoral (i.t.) administration of IL-12 coformulated with the biodegradable polysaccharide chitosan could enhance the antitumor activity of IL-12 while limiting its systemic toxicity. Noninvasive imaging studies monitored local retention of IL-12, with and without chitosan coformulation, after i.t. injection. Antitumor efficacy of IL-12 alone and IL-12 coformulated with chitosan (chitosan/IL-12) was assessed in mice bearing established colorectal (MC32a) and pancreatic (Panc02) tumors. Additional studies involving depletion of immune cell subsets, tumor rechallenge, and CTL activity were designed to elucidate mechanisms of regression and tumor-specific immunity. Coformulation with chitosan increased local IL-12 retention from 1 to 2 days to 5 to 6 days. Weekly i.t. injections of IL-12 alone eradicated ≤10% of established MC32a and Panc02 tumors, while i.t. chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy caused complete tumor regression in 80% to 100% of mice. Depletion of CD4(+) or Gr-1(+) cells had no impact on chitosan/IL-12-mediated tumor regression. However, CD8(+) or NK cell depletion completely abrogated antitumor activity. I.t. chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy generated systemic tumor-specific immunity, as >80% of mice cured with i.t. chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy were at least partially protected from tumor rechallenge. Furthermore, CTLs from spleens of cured mice lysed MC32a and gp70 peptide-loaded targets. Chitosan/IL-12 immunotherapy increased local retention of IL-12 in the tumor microenvironment, eradicated established, aggressive murine tumors, and generated systemic tumor-specific protective immunity. Chitosan/IL-12 is a well-tolerated, effective immunotherapy with considerable potential for clinical translation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.