ArticleBlood2010
Granulysin activates antigen-presenting cells through TLR4 and acts as an immune alarmin.
Article in Blood, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-analysis of single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomics reveals kidney cell type consensus signatures.Scientific data · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- T cell and monocyte/macrophage activation markers associate with adverse outcome, but give limited prognostic value in anemic patients with heart failure: results from RED-HF.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2019Trial
- Randomized, controlled trial of TNF-α antagonist in CTL-mediated severe cutaneous adverse reactions.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2018Trial
- Menstruation is Associated With Cyclical Granulysin Peaks in Vaginal Secretions Despite Stable Expression by Cervicovaginal Immune Cells.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics Integration Reveals the Genetic Mechanisms of Periodontitis and Predicts Therapeutic Drugs.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Halo Nevus as a Self-Limited Model of Melanocyte Autoimmunity: Bridging Vitiligo, Immune Resolution, and Tumor Immunology-A Narrative Review.Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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- Deciphering the genetic control of immune cell function at single-cell resolution: Disease-Specific Cis-eQTLs analysis of COVID-19.Immunogenetics · 2026Article
- Molecular signatures and causal factors underlying latent cytomegalovirus infection among people living with HIV (PLHIV).Nature communications · 2026Article
- Endothelial cell senescence shapes T cell activity in late-stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Evaluating the causal effects of circulating plasma proteins on the risk of malignant neoplasms of bone and articular cartilage.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Immunological aspects of halo nevus (Sutton's Nevus).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Pilot Study to Improve In Vitro Identification of Culprit Drugs in SJS/TEN Using Granzyme B and Granulysin Secretion Assays.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Pre-transplant whole blood transcriptomic profiling identifies mRNAs linked to cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction as candidate predictors of clinical outcomes after liver transplantation: an exploratory study.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2026Article
- Inflammatory stromal and T cells mediate human bone marrow niche remodeling in clonal hematopoiesis and myelodysplasia.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Granulysin-high decidual NK cells in macaques and humans share signatures of immune defense.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Automated high-throughput profiling of single-cell total transcriptome with scComplete-seq.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Role of the CTCF binding site in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-1 pathogenesis.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Granulysin (GNLY), an antimicrobial protein present in the granules of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, is produced as an intact 15-kDa form that is cleaved to yield a 9-kDa form. Alarmins are endogenous mediators that can induce recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and consequently promote the generation of immune response. We hypothesized that GNLY might function as an alarmin. Here, we report that both 9- and 15-kDa forms of recombinant GNLY-induced in vitro chemotaxis and activation of both human and mouse dendritic cells (DCs), recruited inflammatory leucocytes, including APCs in mice, and promoted antigen-specific immune responses upon coadministration with an antigen. GNLY-induced APC recruitment and activation required the presence of Toll-like receptor 4. The observed activity of recombinant GNLY was not due to endotoxin contamination. The capability of the supernatant of GNLY-expressing HuT78 cells to activate DC was blocked by anti-GNLY antibodies. Finally we present evidence that supernatants of degranulated human NK92 or primary NK cells also activated DCs in a GNLY- and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner, indicating the physiologic relevance of our findings. Thus, GNLY is the first identified lymphocyte-derived alarmin capable of promoting APC recruitment, activation, and antigen-specific immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.