ArticleJournal of virology2010
Genetic analyses of HIV-1 env sequences demonstrate limited compartmentalization in breast milk and suggest viral replication within the breast that increases with mastitis.
Article in Journal of virology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Breastfeeding: Clinical Considerations and Mechanisms of Transmission in the Modern Era of Combined Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinics in perinatology · 2024Review
- Unique genotypic features of HIV-1 C gp41 membrane proximal external region variants during pregnancy relate to mother-to-child transmission via breastfeeding.Journal of clinical pediatrics and neonatology · 2021Article
- Observational
- Infant transmitted/founder HIV-1 viruses from peripartum transmission are neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- Breast milk and in utero transmission of HIV-1 select for envelope variants with unique molecular signatures.Retrovirology · 2017Article
- Breastfeeding Behaviors and the Innate Immune System of Human Milk: Working Together to Protect Infants against Inflammation, HIV-1, and Other Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The role of HIV integration in viral persistence: no more whistling past the proviral graveyard.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2016Review
- Phylogenetics and Phyloanatomy of HIV/SIV Intra-Host Compartments and Reservoirs: The Key Role of the Central Nervous System.Current HIV research · 2016Review
- Breast milk pharmacokinetics of efavirenz and breastfed infants' exposure in genetically defined subgroups of mother-infant pairs: an observational study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2015Observational
- Article
- The role of neutralizing antibodies in prevention of HIV-1 infection: what can we learn from the mother-to-child transmission context?Retrovirology · 2013Review
- Transient compartmentalization of simian immunodeficiency virus variants in the breast milk of african green monkeys.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Clonal amplification and maternal-infant transmission of nevirapine-resistant HIV-1 variants in breast milk following single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis.Retrovirology · 2013Article
- Immunology of pediatric HIV infection.Immunological reviews · 2013Review
- The oral mucosa immune environment and oral transmission of HIV/SIV.Immunological reviews · 2013Review
- Dynamics of breast milk HIV-1 RNA with unilateral mastitis or abscess.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2013Article
- HIV-1 pathogenesis: the virus.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2012Article
- Female genital tract shedding of CXCR4-tropic HIV Type 1 is associated with a majority population of CXCR4-tropic HIV Type 1 in blood and declining CD4(+) cell counts.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2012Article
- Nevirapine-Resistant HIV-1 DNA in Breast Milk After Single-Dose Nevirapine With or Without Zidovudine for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The concentration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is generally lower in breast milk than in blood. Mastitis, or inflammation of the breast, is associated with increased levels of milk HIV-1 and risk of mother-to-child transmission through breastfeeding. We hypothesized that mastitis facilitates the passage of HIV-1 from blood into milk or stimulates virus production within the breast. HIV-1 env sequences were generated from single amplicons obtained from breast milk and blood samples in a cross-sectional study. Viral compartmentalization was evaluated using several statistical methods, including the Slatkin and Maddison (SM) test. Mastitis was defined as an elevated milk sodium (Na(+)) concentration. The association between milk Na(+) and the pairwise genetic distance between milk and blood viral sequences was modeled using linear regression. HIV-1 was compartmentalized within milk by SM testing in 6/17 (35%) specimens obtained from 9 women, but all phylogenetic clades included viral sequences from milk and blood samples. Monotypic sequences were more prevalent in milk samples than in blood samples (22% versus 13%; P = 0.012), which accounted for half of the compartmentalization observed. Mastitis was not associated with compartmentalization by SM testing (P = 0.621), but Na(+) was correlated with greater genetic distance between milk and blood HIV-1 populations (P = 0.041). In conclusion, local production of HIV-1 within the breast is suggested by compartmentalization of virus and a higher prevalence of monotypic viruses in milk specimens. However, phylogenetic trees demonstrate extensive mixing of viruses between milk and blood specimens. HIV-1 replication in breast milk appears to increase with inflammation, contributing to higher milk viral loads during mastitis.
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