Trial reportJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2010
Long-term effects of conjugated equine estrogen therapies on domain-specific cognitive function: results from the Women's Health Initiative study of cognitive aging extension.
Trial report in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00631332 (Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Cognitive Aging), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Cognitive Aging: Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA)
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Long-term Effects on Cognitive Trajectories of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in Two Age Groups.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Impact of Type 2 Diabetes and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy on Incidence of Cognitive Impairment in Older Women.Diabetes care · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Long-term effects on cognitive function of postmenopausal hormone therapy prescribed to women aged 50 to 55 years.JAMA internal medicine · 2013Trial
- Cognitive function and fine motor speed in older women with diabetes mellitus: results from the women's health initiative study of cognitive aging.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2011Trial
- Then and Now: What We Have Learned From the WHI.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding are associated with less later-life cognitive decline in a longitudinal, prospective cohort.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Study design and methods: U.S. study to protect brain health through lifestyle intervention to reduce risk (U.S. POINTER).Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Hormone replacement therapy, menopausal age and lifestyle variables are associated with better cognitive performance at follow-up but not cognition over time in older-adult women irrespective of APOE4 carrier status and co-morbidities.Frontiers in dementia · 2024Article
- Ascertainment and Statistical Issues for Randomized Trials of Cardiovascular Interventions for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2024Review
- Menopause and cognitive impairment: A narrative review of current knowledge.World journal of psychiatry · 2021Review
- Preliminary Support for a Cognitive Remediation Intervention for Women During the Menopausal Transition: A Pilot Study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2021Article
- Associations of Hearing Loss and Menopausal Hormone Therapy With Change in Global Cognition and Incident Cognitive Impairment Among Postmenopausal Women.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2020Article
- Transitions in metabolic and immune systems from pre-menopause to post-menopause: implications for age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.F1000Research · 2020Review
- Endogenous sex hormones and memory performance in middle-aged Greek women with subjective memory complaints.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2018Article
- Vitamin D Receptor and Megalin Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Longitudinal Cognitive Change among African-American Urban Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2017Article
- Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Ribosomal Proteins and Cognitive Aging in Postmenopausal Women.Frontiers in genetics · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine whether small decrements in global cognitive function that conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) therapies have been shown to produce in older women persist after cessation and extend to specific cognitive domains.
designRandomized controlled clinical trial.
settingFourteen clinical centers of the Women's Health Initiative.
participantsTwo thousand three hundred four women aged 65 to 80 free of probable dementia at enrollment.
interventionCEE 0.625 mg/d with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 10 mg/d) and matching placebos. MEASUREMENTS: Annual administrations of a battery of cognitive tests during and after the trial.
resultsAssignment to CEE-based therapies was associated with small mean relative decrements in global cognitive function and several domain-specific cognitive functions during the trial, which largely persisted through up to 4 years after the trial. The strongest statistical evidence was for global cognitive function (0.07-standard deviation decrements during (P=.007) and after (P=.01) the trial. For domain-specific scores, the mean decrements were slightly smaller, were less significant, and tended to be larger for CEE-alone therapy.
conclusionCEE-based therapies, when initiated after the age of 65, produce a small broad-based decrement in cognitive function that persists after their use is stopped, but the differences in cognitive function are small and would not be detectable or have clinical significance for an individual woman. Differences in effects between cognitive domains suggest that more than one mechanism may be involved.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.