ArticleJournal of abnormal child psychology2011
The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD.
Article in Journal of abnormal child psychology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in homeless children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Patterns of Comorbidity Among Girls With ADHD: A Meta-analysis.Pediatrics · 2016Pooled it
- Underlying Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interactions in Externalizing Behavior: A Systematic Review and Search for Theoretical Mechanisms.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2015Pooled it
- Digital Media, Genetics, and Risk for ADHD Symptoms in Children: A Longitudinal Study.Pediatrics open science · 2026Article
- Prenatal stress selectively enhances locomotor hyperactivity in male mice with embryonic loss ofFrontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The impact of trans fatty acids on ADHD in relation to the gut microbiome.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Activation of Multiple G Protein Pathways to Characterize the Five Dopamine Receptor Subtypes Using Bioluminescence Technology.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2024Article
- The Oregon ADHD-1000: A new longitudinal data resource enriched for clinical cases and multiple levels of analysis.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2023Article
- Parental rejection in early adolescence predicts a persistent ADHD symptom trajectory across adolescence.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Individual differences in sensitivity to positive home environment among children "at risk" for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Longitudinal Influences of DRD4 Polymorphism and Early Maternal Caregiving on Personality Development and Problem Behavior in Middle Childhood and Adolescence.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Polygenic risk score, psychosocial environment and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
- Should We Subtype ADHD According to the Context in Which Symptoms Occur? Criterion Validity of Recognising Context-Based ADHD Presentations.Child psychiatry and human development · 2019Article
- Article
- Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Insomnia: an Update of the Literature.Current psychiatry reports · 2017Review
- Applying Systems Biology Methodology To Identify Genetic Factors Possibly Associated with Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2017Article
- DRD4 Variants Moderate the Impact of Parental Characteristics on Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Exploratory Evidence from a Multiplex Family Design.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2017Article
- Sex moderates the impact of birth weight on child externalizing psychopathology.Journal of abnormal psychology · 2017Article
- Neuropsychological performance measures as intermediate phenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multiple mediation analysis.Development and psychopathology · 2017Article
- A Review of Factors that Promote Resilience in Youth with ADHD and ADHD Symptoms.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prime candidate for exploration of gene-by-environment interaction (i.e., G x E), particularly in relation to dopamine system genes, due to strong evidence that dopamine systems are dysregulated in the disorder. Using a G x E design, we examined whether the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat polymorphism, previously associated with ADHD, moderated the effects of inconsistent parenting and marital conflict on ADHD or Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD). Participants were 548 children with ADHD and non-ADHD comparison children and their parents. Homozygosity for the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat insertion allele increased vulnerability for ADHD and ODD only in the presence of inconsistent parenting and appeared to increase susceptibility to the influence of increased child self-blame for marital conflict on ADHD inattention. DRD4 genotypes may interact with these proximal family environmental risk factors by increasing the individual's responsivity to environmental contingencies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.