ArticleFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience2010
How neurons generate behavior in a hatchling amphibian tadpole: an outline.
Article in Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers.
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Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Signalling through RXRβ and its agonist, bexarotene, promotes neuron formation in Xenopus laevis embryos.Biology open · 2026Article
- Redefining the central pattern generator for vertebrate locomotion.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Ploidy and neuron size impact nervous system development and function in Xenopus.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Tonically active interneurons gate motor output inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Ivermectin exposition during neurulation induces neural tube defects and neuromuscular alterations inFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Beyond locomotion: How specialized motor patterns enable a vertebrate to struggle free from capture.iScience · 2025Article
- Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Inhibitory circuit motifs in Drosophila larvae generate motor program diversity and variability.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Balancing central control and sensory feedback produces adaptable and robust locomotor patterns in a spiking, neuromechanical model of the salamander spinal cord.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Spinal neuron diversity scales exponentially with swim-to-limb transformation during frog metamorphosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Excitatory Spinal Lhx9-Derived Interneurons Modulate Locomotor Frequency in Mice.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Synchronous multi-segmental activity between metachronal waves controls locomotion speed ineLife · 2023Article
- A fresh look at propriospinal interneurons plasticity and intraspinal circuits remodeling after spinal cord injury.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2023Article
- Spinal Basis of Direction Control during Locomotion in Larval Zebrafish.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- Mechanisms Underlying the Recruitment of Inhibitory Interneurons in Fictive Swimming in DevelopingThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2023Article
- AlbinomicroPublication biology · 2023Article
- Linking neural circuits to the mechanics of animal behavior inFrontiers in neural circuits · 2023Review
- Frog embryos use multiple levels of temporal pattern in risk assessment for vibration-cued escape hatching.Animal cognition · 2022Article
- Transformation of an early-established motor circuit during maturation in zebrafish.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Long descending commissural V0v neurons ensure coordinated swimming movements along the body axis in larval zebrafish.Scientific reports · 2022Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Adult nervous systems are so complex that understanding how they produce behavior remains a real challenge. We chose to study hatchling Xenopus tadpoles where behavior is controlled by a few thousand neurons but there is a very limited number of types of neuron. Young tadpoles can flex, swim away, adjust their trajectory, speed-up and slow-down, stop when they contact support and struggle when grasped. They are sensitive to touch, pressure, noxious stimuli, light intensity and water currents. Using whole-cell recording has led to rapid progress in understanding central networks controlling behavior. Our methods are illustrated by an analysis of the flexion reflex to skin touch. We then define the seven types of neuron that allow the tadpole to swim when the skin is touched and use paired recordings to investigate neuron properties, synaptic connections and activity patterns. Proposals on how the swim network operates are evaluated by experiment and network modeling. We then examine GABAergic inhibitory pathways that control swimming but also produce tonic inhibition to reduce responsiveness when the tadpole is at rest. Finally, we analyze the strong alternating struggling movements the tadpole makes when grasped. We show that the mechanisms for rhythm generation here are very different to those during swimming. Although much remains to be explained, study of this simple vertebrate has uncovered basic principles about the function and organization of vertebrate nervous systems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.