ArticleJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2011
Intravenous anakinra can achieve experimentally effective concentrations in the central nervous system within a therapeutic time window: results of a dose-ranging study.
Article in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01477476 (Anti-IL-1 Treatment in Children Diabetic Keto-Acidosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 74 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Anti-IL-1 Treatment in Children Diabetic Keto-Acidosis (DKA) at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra: A Systematic Review.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2026Pooled it
- Single-cell dynamics of breakthrough toxicities after anakinra prophylaxis for axicabtagene ciloleucel in lymphoma.Blood advances · 2025Trial
- CD19 CAR T-cell therapy and prophylactic anakinra in relapsed or refractory lymphoma: phase 2 trial interim results.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Anakinra Pilot - a clinical trial to demonstrate safety, feasibility and pharmacokinetics of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in preterm infants.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Study design and population pharmacokinetic analysis of a phase II dose-ranging study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in severe traumatic brain injury: a phase II randomized control trial.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2014Trial
- The effect of intravenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a phase II randomised controlled trial.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2014Trial
- Review
- Mania and psychosis following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy: A report of two cases and mechanistic discussion.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects of Interleukin-1 receptor antagonism after cardiac arrest: an experimental rat study.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Safety of intravenous use of anakinra in pediatric inflammatory conditions: a retrospective multicenter study.Pediatric rheumatology online journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Cytokine release syndrome in solid tumours: mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for prevention and management.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2026Review
- Breaking the resistance barrier: synergistic evolution of CAR-T cells and bispecific antibodies in the era of precision immuno-oncology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Biology-driven therapies of CAR T immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra downregulates inflammatory cytokines during renal normothermic machine perfusion: Preliminary results.Artificial organs · 2025Article
- Targeting cytokine networks in neuroinflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Anakinra in cerebral haemorrhage to target secondary injury resulting from neuroinflammation (ACTION): Study protocol of a phase II randomised clinical trial.European stroke journal · 2024Article
- Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for aggressive B-cell lymphomas.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The naturally occurring antagonist of interleukin-1, IL-1RA, is highly neuroprotective experimentally, shows few adverse effects, and inhibits the systemic acute phase response to stroke. A single regime pilot study showed slow penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at experimentally therapeutic concentrations. Twenty-five patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and external ventricular drains were sequentially allocated to five administration regimes, using intravenous bolus doses of 100 to 500 mg and 4 hours intravenous infusions of IL-1RA ranging from 1 to 10 mg per kg per hour. Choice of regimes and timing of plasma and CSF sampling was informed by pharmacometric analysis of pilot study data. Data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Plasma and CSF concentrations of IL-1RA in all regimes were within the predicted intervals. A 500-mg bolus followed by an intravenous infusion of IL-1RA at 10 mg per kg per hour achieved experimentally therapeutic CSF concentrations of IL-1RA within 45 minutes. Experimentally, neuroprotective CSF concentrations in patients with SAH can be safely achieved within a therapeutic time window. Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that IL-1RA transport across the blood-CSF barrier in SAH is passive. Identification of the practicality of this delivery regime allows further studies of efficacy of IL-1RA in acute cerebrovascular disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.