ArticleGenome biology and evolution2010
The sequence of a 1.8-mb bacterial linear plasmid reveals a rich evolutionary reservoir of secondary metabolic pathways.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers.
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102 citing papers in PubMed, 208 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Evidence supporting the first secondary chromosome in Actinobacteria as a hallmark of theMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- PlasAnn: a curated plasmid-specific database and annotation pipeline for standardized gene and function analysis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Giant linear plasmids in Mycobacterium avium harbour a tRNA array unit.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2026Article
- Megaplasmids associate withbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Context matters: assessing the impacts of genomic background and ecology on microbial biosynthetic gene cluster evolution.mSystems · 2025Review
- Unraveling Whole-Genome Sequence and Functional Characterization ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Critical analysis of polycyclic tetramate macrolactam biosynthetic gene cluster phylogeny and functional diversity.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Distinction of chia varieties in vivo and in vitro based on the flow cytometry and rosmarinic acid production.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Discovery and biosynthesis of bacterial drimane-type sesquiterpenoids fromBeilstein journal of organic chemistry · 2024Article
- Uses of Multi-Objective Flux Analysis for Optimization of Microbial Production of Secondary Metabolites.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Global Map of Specialized Metabolites Encoded in Prokaryotic Plasmids.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Potentiality of Actinomycetia Prevalent in Selected Forest Ecosystems in Assam, India to Combat Multi-Drug-Resistant Microbial Pathogens.Metabolites · 2023Article
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- Whole-genome sequencing-based characterization ofAccess microbiology · 2023Article
- Expanding the genomic encyclopedia ofCell genomics · 2022Article
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- An integrative-omics analysis of an industrial clavulanic acid-overproducing Streptomyces clavuligerus.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Plasmids are mobile genetic elements that play a key role in the evolution of bacteria by mediating genome plasticity and lateral transfer of useful genetic information. Although originally considered to be exclusively circular, linear plasmids have also been identified in certain bacterial phyla, notably the actinomycetes. In some cases, linear plasmids engage with chromosomes in an intricate evolutionary interplay, facilitating the emergence of new genome configurations by transfer and recombination or plasmid integration. Genome sequencing of Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064, a Gram-positive soil bacterium known for its production of a diverse array of biotechnologically important secondary metabolites, revealed a giant linear plasmid of 1.8 Mb in length. This megaplasmid (pSCL4) is one of the largest plasmids ever identified and the largest linear plasmid to be sequenced. It contains more than 20% of the putative protein-coding genes of the species, but none of these is predicted to be essential for primary metabolism. Instead, the plasmid is densely packed with an exceptionally large number of gene clusters for the potential production of secondary metabolites, including a large number of putative antibiotics, such as staurosporine, moenomycin, beta-lactams, and enediynes. Interestingly, cross-regulation occurs between chromosomal and plasmid-encoded genes. Several factors suggest that the megaplasmid came into existence through recombination of a smaller plasmid with the arms of the main chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that heavy traffic of genetic information between Streptomyces plasmids and chromosomes may facilitate the rapid evolution of secondary metabolite repertoires in these bacteria.
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